15-16 Emotion I-II Flashcards by Cherry Sun

What did Charles Darwin note about EMOTIONS?

Emotions appeared to be UNIVERSAL across cultures

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Name the 6 BASIC emotions (acronym)

HASSFD
Happy
Anger
Sad
Surprise
Fear
Disgust

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Is EMOTION expression purely nature or purely nurture?

Nature vs Nurture
Nothing is purely one!
Enviro, social, cultural influences can ∆expression of emotions

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Name the 3 THEORIES of emotion (acronym)

JCC
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Cognitive theory

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DEFINE the 3 theories of emotion

James-Lange
= BODILY reaction interpreted as emotion

Cannon-bard
= SIMULTANEOUSLY, an event causes emotion AND bodily-reactions

Cognitive
= event causes physiological changes that are interpreted in the CONTEXT of the situation

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Describe an EXPERIMENT that proves the COGNITIVE theory of emotion

ADRENALINE-induced AROUSAL interpreted differently depending on the SITUATION
= attibute arousal to environmental context

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2 key BRAIN areas in EMOTION

Amygdala
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

(FRONTAL brain key to emotion)

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3 aspects that can be AFFECTED by emotion? (AMD)

Attention
Memory
Decision-making

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What is the Easterbrook hypothesis

HIGH arousal = NARROW attention
LOW arousal = BROAD attention

(Sitting at a cafe = notice more things)

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What is the effect of ANXIETY on DRIVING

Anxiety can reduce ability to respond to PERIPHERAL information while driving

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What is an EFFECT that is created due to the influence of emotion on attention

“Weapon-focus Effect”

Highly stressed = focus on weapon

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What is a DISADVANTAGE of the “Weapon-Focus effect”

Poor eye-witness memory/testimony

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Name a theory about POS emotions and ATTENTION

“Broader & Build” theory of POS emotions

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Explain the effect of POS emotions on ATTENTION

POS emotions
= BROADER attention
= broader focus of “tought-action” repertoires
= play + exploration
= CREATIVE thinking

(NEG emotions have OPP effect)

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Aside from AROUSAL, what other aspect of the emotion is important in influencing attention?

Valence - whether an emotion is POS or NEG

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Explain an experiment that showed how MONETARY REWARD affects attention

Reaction time game for money:
BROAD attention after receiving a reward (HAPPY)
NARROW attention when anticipating reward (ANXIETY)

Name a TYPE of memory created in relation to emotions

Flashbulb memories

Define Flashbulb memories

VIVD memories of emotionally INTENSE experiences

eg. JFK assasination

Are flashbulb memories IMMUNE to forgetting?

NOT immune to forgetting (as previously assumed)

What research TECHNIQUE was used to identify the BRAIN AREAS involved in memory + emotion?

Viewing of emotionally INTENSE or NEUTRAL videos

Then NEUROIMAGING

What brain areas were identified by NEUROIMAGING?

What did these areas correlate to?

Strong correlation between activity in:
Amygdala = emotion
Hippocampus = memory

What did neuroimaging reveal about the RELATIONSHIP between the amygdala + hippocampus?

Correlation between their activities

ie. Emotion is RELATED to memory

What does INTERACTION between the amygdala and hippocampus do to MEMORY?

Interaction = more ROBUST memory

Less prone to forgetting of emotionally-INTENSE memories

Explain the experiment for Deliberate Forgetting

Asked to imagine emotionally POS/NEG memories

Condition 1 = “THINK” instructions
Condition 2 = “NO think” instructions

What happened to people in the “NO think” group?

Deliberate forgetting of NEG memories only | = Protective mechanism??

Famous case proving the correlation between EMOTION + DECISION-MAKING?

Phineas Gage

What happened to Phineas Gage? | What changes were observed in him?

FRONTAL lobe dmg = ∆Emotion (personality: impatient, irritable) = ∆Decision-making (complex-deficits in LIFE CHOICES/PLANNING)

What did Damasio come up with?

Descarte’s Error

Explain Descarte’s Error

We tend to SEPARATE logical and emotional reasoning BUT, deficits in emotional reasoning AFFECTS decision-making Damacio suggests poor decision making is DUE TO impaired emotional reasoning (ie. CANNOT separate logic/emotion)

What are SCRs? | What do they measure?

Skin Conductance Responses | = measures EMOTION (sweat)

What EXPERIMENT demonstrates how frontal lobe dmg impairs DECISION-MAKING

Iowa Gambling Task

Compare how NORMAL people and those with FRONTAL lobe dmg responded to ther Iowa Gambling Task

Normal = SCRs before RISKY behaviors = choose GOOD decks without AWARENESS of situation (“Hunch”?) Frotal dmg = NO SCRs before risky decisions (no emotional input) = choose BAD decks even WITH awareness of situation

What is the “Somatic Marker Hypothesis”?

Emotional responses cause a set of BODILY reactions Sensing/interpreting this gives us a signal of the VALENCY of the event (POS/NEG?) * NEG somatic marker linked with a future outcome = “alarm bell” * POS somatic marker linked with a future outcome = “incentive/HUNCH”