15-16 Emotion I-II Flashcards
What did Charles Darwin note about EMOTIONS?
Emotions appeared to be UNIVERSAL across cultures
Name the 6 BASIC emotions (acronym)
HASSFD Happy Anger Sad Surprise Fear Disgust
Is EMOTION expression purely nature or purely nurture?
Nature vs Nurture
Nothing is purely one!
Enviro, social, cultural influences can ∆expression of emotions
Name the 3 THEORIES of emotion (acronym)
JCC
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Cognitive theory
DEFINE the 3 theories of emotion
James-Lange
= BODILY reaction interpreted as emotion
Cannon-bard
= SIMULTANEOUSLY, an event causes emotion AND bodily-reactions
Cognitive
= event causes physiological changes that are interpreted in the CONTEXT of the situation
Describe an EXPERIMENT that proves the COGNITIVE theory of emotion
ADRENALINE-induced AROUSAL interpreted differently depending on the SITUATION
= attibute arousal to environmental context
2 key BRAIN areas in EMOTION
- Amygdala
- Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
(FRONTAL brain key to emotion)
3 aspects that can be AFFECTED by emotion? (AMD)
Attention
Memory
Decision-making
What is the Easterbrook hypothesis
HIGH arousal = NARROW attention
LOW arousal = BROAD attention
(Sitting at a cafe = notice more things)
What is the effect of ANXIETY on DRIVING
Anxiety can reduce ability to respond to PERIPHERAL information while driving
What is an EFFECT that is created due to the influence of emotion on attention
“Weapon-focus Effect”
Highly stressed = focus on weapon
What is a DISADVANTAGE of the “Weapon-Focus effect”
Poor eye-witness memory/testimony
Name a theory about POS emotions and ATTENTION
“Broader & Build” theory of POS emotions
Explain the effect of POS emotions on ATTENTION
POS emotions = BROADER attention = broader focus of “tought-action” repertoires = play + exploration = CREATIVE thinking
(NEG emotions have OPP effect)
Aside from AROUSAL, what other aspect of the emotion is important in influencing attention?
Valence - whether an emotion is POS or NEG
Explain an experiment that showed how MONETARY REWARD affects attention
Reaction time game for money:
BROAD attention after receiving a reward (HAPPY)
NARROW attention when anticipating reward (ANXIETY)
Name a TYPE of memory created in relation to emotions
Flashbulb memories
Define Flashbulb memories
VIVD memories of emotionally INTENSE experiences
eg. JFK assasination
Are flashbulb memories IMMUNE to forgetting?
NOT immune to forgetting (as previously assumed)
What research TECHNIQUE was used to identify the BRAIN AREAS involved in memory + emotion?
Viewing of emotionally INTENSE or NEUTRAL videos
Then NEUROIMAGING
What brain areas were identified by NEUROIMAGING?
What did these areas correlate to?
Strong correlation between activity in:
Amygdala = emotion
Hippocampus = memory
What did neuroimaging reveal about the RELATIONSHIP between the amygdala + hippocampus?
Correlation between their activities
ie. Emotion is RELATED to memory
What does INTERACTION between the amygdala and hippocampus do to MEMORY?
Interaction = more ROBUST memory
Less prone to forgetting of emotionally-INTENSE memories
Explain the experiment for Deliberate Forgetting
Asked to imagine emotionally POS/NEG memories
- Condition 1 = “THINK” instructions
- Condition 2 = “NO think” instructions
What happened to people in the “NO think” group?
Deliberate forgetting of NEG memories only
= Protective mechanism??
Famous case proving the correlation between EMOTION + DECISION-MAKING?
Phineas Gage
What happened to Phineas Gage?
What changes were observed in him?
FRONTAL lobe dmg
= ∆Emotion (personality: impatient, irritable)
= ∆Decision-making (complex-deficits in LIFE CHOICES/PLANNING)
What did Damasio come up with?
Descarte’s Error
Explain Descarte’s Error
We tend to SEPARATE logical and emotional reasoning
BUT, deficits in emotional reasoning AFFECTS decision-making
Damacio suggests poor decision making is DUE TO impaired emotional reasoning (ie. CANNOT separate logic/emotion)
What are SCRs?
What do they measure?
Skin Conductance Responses
= measures EMOTION (sweat)
What EXPERIMENT demonstrates how frontal lobe dmg impairs DECISION-MAKING
Iowa Gambling Task
Compare how NORMAL people and those with FRONTAL lobe dmg responded to ther Iowa Gambling Task
Normal = SCRs before RISKY behaviors
= choose GOOD decks without AWARENESS of situation
(“Hunch”?)
Frotal dmg = NO SCRs before risky decisions (no emotional input)
= choose BAD decks even WITH awareness of situation
What is the “Somatic Marker Hypothesis”?
Emotional responses cause a set of BODILY reactions
Sensing/interpreting this gives us a signal of the VALENCY of the event
(POS/NEG?)
- NEG somatic marker linked with a future outcome = “alarm bell”
- POS somatic marker linked with a future outcome = “incentive/HUNCH”
