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PSYCH109 > 15-16 Emotion I-II > Flashcards

15-16 Emotion I-II Flashcards

1
Q

What did Charles Darwin note about EMOTIONS?

A

Emotions appeared to be UNIVERSAL across cultures

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2
Q

Name the 6 BASIC emotions (acronym)

A 
HASSFD
Happy
Anger
Sad
Surprise
Fear
Disgust
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3
Q

Is EMOTION expression purely nature or purely nurture?

A

Nature vs Nurture
Nothing is purely one!
Enviro, social, cultural influences can ∆expression of emotions

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4
Q

Name the 3 THEORIES of emotion (acronym)

A

JCC
James-Lange theory
Cannon-Bard theory
Cognitive theory

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5
Q

DEFINE the 3 theories of emotion

A

James-Lange
= BODILY reaction interpreted as emotion

Cannon-bard
= SIMULTANEOUSLY, an event causes emotion AND bodily-reactions

Cognitive
= event causes physiological changes that are interpreted in the CONTEXT of the situation

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6
Q

Describe an EXPERIMENT that proves the COGNITIVE theory of emotion

A

ADRENALINE-induced AROUSAL interpreted differently depending on the SITUATION
= attibute arousal to environmental context

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7
Q

2 key BRAIN areas in EMOTION

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

(FRONTAL brain key to emotion)

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8
Q

3 aspects that can be AFFECTED by emotion? (AMD)

A

Attention
Memory
Decision-making

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9
Q

What is the Easterbrook hypothesis

A

HIGH arousal = NARROW attention
LOW arousal = BROAD attention

(Sitting at a cafe = notice more things)

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10
Q

What is the effect of ANXIETY on DRIVING

A

Anxiety can reduce ability to respond to PERIPHERAL information while driving

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11
Q

What is an EFFECT that is created due to the influence of emotion on attention

A

“Weapon-focus Effect”

Highly stressed = focus on weapon

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12
Q

What is a DISADVANTAGE of the “Weapon-Focus effect”

A

Poor eye-witness memory/testimony

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13
Q

Name a theory about POS emotions and ATTENTION

A

“Broader & Build” theory of POS emotions

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14
Q

Explain the effect of POS emotions on ATTENTION

A 
POS emotions
= BROADER attention
= broader focus of “tought-action” repertoires
= play + exploration
= CREATIVE thinking

(NEG emotions have OPP effect)

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15
Q

Aside from AROUSAL, what other aspect of the emotion is important in influencing attention?

A

Valence - whether an emotion is POS or NEG

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16
Q

Explain an experiment that showed how MONETARY REWARD affects attention

A

Reaction time game for money:
BROAD attention after receiving a reward (HAPPY)
NARROW attention when anticipating reward (ANXIETY)

17
Q

Name a TYPE of memory created in relation to emotions

A

Flashbulb memories

18
Q

Define Flashbulb memories

A

VIVD memories of emotionally INTENSE experiences

eg. JFK assasination

19
Q

Are flashbulb memories IMMUNE to forgetting?

A

NOT immune to forgetting (as previously assumed)

20
Q

What research TECHNIQUE was used to identify the BRAIN AREAS involved in memory + emotion?

A

Viewing of emotionally INTENSE or NEUTRAL videos

Then NEUROIMAGING

21
Q

What brain areas were identified by NEUROIMAGING?

What did these areas correlate to?

A

Strong correlation between activity in:
Amygdala = emotion
Hippocampus = memory

22
Q

What did neuroimaging reveal about the RELATIONSHIP between the amygdala + hippocampus?

A

Correlation between their activities

ie. Emotion is RELATED to memory

23
Q

What does INTERACTION between the amygdala and hippocampus do to MEMORY?

A

Interaction = more ROBUST memory

Less prone to forgetting of emotionally-INTENSE memories

24
Q

Explain the experiment for Deliberate Forgetting

A

Asked to imagine emotionally POS/NEG memories

  • Condition 1 = “THINK” instructions
  • Condition 2 = “NO think” instructions
25
Q

What happened to people in the “NO think” group?

A

Deliberate forgetting of NEG memories only

= Protective mechanism??

26
Q

Famous case proving the correlation between EMOTION + DECISION-MAKING?

A

Phineas Gage

27
Q

What happened to Phineas Gage?

What changes were observed in him?

A

FRONTAL lobe dmg
= ∆Emotion (personality: impatient, irritable)
= ∆Decision-making (complex-deficits in LIFE CHOICES/PLANNING)

28
Q

What did Damasio come up with?

A

Descarte’s Error

29
Q

Explain Descarte’s Error

A

We tend to SEPARATE logical and emotional reasoning
BUT, deficits in emotional reasoning AFFECTS decision-making

Damacio suggests poor decision making is DUE TO impaired emotional reasoning (ie. CANNOT separate logic/emotion)

30
Q

What are SCRs?

What do they measure?

A

Skin Conductance Responses

= measures EMOTION (sweat)

31
Q

What EXPERIMENT demonstrates how frontal lobe dmg impairs DECISION-MAKING

A

Iowa Gambling Task

32
Q

Compare how NORMAL people and those with FRONTAL lobe dmg responded to ther Iowa Gambling Task

A

Normal = SCRs before RISKY behaviors
= choose GOOD decks without AWARENESS of situation
(“Hunch”?)

Frotal dmg = NO SCRs before risky decisions (no emotional input)
= choose BAD decks even WITH awareness of situation

33
Q

What is the “Somatic Marker Hypothesis”?

A

Emotional responses cause a set of BODILY reactions
Sensing/interpreting this gives us a signal of the VALENCY of the event
(POS/NEG?)

  • NEG somatic marker linked with a future outcome = “alarm bell”
  • POS somatic marker linked with a future outcome = “incentive/HUNCH”

PSYCH109 (18 decks)

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