22 Language I Flashcards

1
Q

What purpose does language serve BETWEEN groups

A

Languages are mostly IMPENETRABLE to others, so language serves as a BARRIER between groups
(Communication WITHIN groups)

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2
Q

What is Skinner’s theory about language development?

A

“Verbal BEHAVIOR”
= explained using behavioral terms
= language is EMITTED and REINFORCED

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3
Q

What is Chomsky’s theory about language development?

A

“Syntactic stuctures”
= language is GENERATIVE (can create NOVEL sentences), so cannot be
explained by behavior learning

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4
Q

What is the smallest unit of PHONOLOGY

Define it and give an EXAMPLE

A

Phoneme = smallest unit of SOUND to ∆MEANING

eg. Pit, pig, put, pat

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5
Q

What is the “Motor Theory of speech perception”?

A

We perceive phonemes according to how we SPEAK them

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6
Q

Why do PHONEMES keep languages DISTINCT?

A

FOREIGN phonemes are hard to learn

= hard to lose an ACCENT

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7
Q

Roughly how many phonemes are there?

How many does each laguage generally use?

A

~1500 phonemes

Each language only uses a SMALL FRACTION of the total phonemes

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8
Q

Does SIGN language have phonemes?

A

YES

Smallest unit of MOVEMENT to ∆MEANING

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9
Q

Define SYNTAX

A

RULES by which elements are combined to form

  • words
  • sentences
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10
Q

Is syntax equivalent to GRAMMAR?

A

Roughly

Syntax is ‘grammar’, but different languages have different grammar

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11
Q

Chomsky believes what about grammar?

A

That there is a “UNIVERSIAL” grammar - controversial

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12
Q

Does correct syntax = semantics?

A

NO
Grammar is not equivalent to MEANING

eg. Colorless green ideas sleep furiously

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13
Q

What is the STUCTURE of syntax?

Explain

A

HIERARCHICAL

  • can build UP to paragraphs/stories
  • can break DOWN to syllables, phonemes
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14
Q

The structure of syntax is deemed…

A

RECURSIVE

= can add the SAME elements at DIFF places

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15
Q

Define GENERATIVITY

A

Since language is RECURSIVE, you can theoreticalyl create sentences of INFINITE LENGTH/NUMBER

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16
Q

What LIMITS the length/number of the sentences we can create?

A

Our WORKING memory

17
Q

What is “Unbounded Merge”

A

Can continously merge letters…words…sentences…FOREVER

18
Q

Name the 3 aspects of syntax

A

Generativity
Inflections
Variations

19
Q

What are INFLECTIONS

A

ADDING elements to CHANGE a word’s:

  • grammatical status
  • tense
  • number
  • gender

Etc

20
Q

Is English inflectional?

A

English is WEAKLY inflectional

  • 4 inflections for VERBS: walk, walkS, walkING, walkED
  • 2 inflections for NOUNS: dog, dogS
21
Q

Instead of inflections, English often uses…

A

Auxiliaries
“I HAD BEEN” sleeping
“I WILL BE” running

22
Q

Heavily INFLECTED languages are also called…

Explain

A

Heavily inflected = “SCRAMBLING languages”

Word ORDER doesn’t matter

23
Q

Weakly inflected languages like English uses WHAT to maintain meaning?

A

Weakly inflected = uses WORD ORDER

eg. English is SVO language

24
Q

Generativity may be a property of ______, not of language

A

THOUGHT, not language

25
Explain why generativity may be a property of THOUGHT
Mental travels (IMAGINATION) creates INFINITE thoughts
26
Define SEMANTICS
How language gives MEANING
27
What is the smalles units of semantics? | How are they organised - give example?
MORPHEMES organised into words | eg. Dog + s = Dogs
28
You can have SEMANTICS without...
Syntax “This sentence no verb”
29
How does semantics depend on CONTEXT
MEANINGS of words/sentences depends on context ”set” has 115 meanings “He has married friends” = AMBIGUITY in meaning
30
Define PRAGMATICS
HOW you say things
31
Define Ellipsis
Being incomplete or indirect
32
How MUCH you say depends on.... | What THEORY does this relate to?
How much you say depends on the AUDIENCE | = Theory of MIND
33
Examples of pragmatics in speech?
Metaphors Tone Ie. EMOTIONAL aspects
34
Autism involves a deficit in...
Theory of Mind = social issues
35
Example of someone with Autism?
Temple Grandin
36
How did Temple Grandin become a high-functioning autistic
*SELF-TAUGHT appropriate behaviors through behavior OBSERVATION
37
List arguments for language being INNATE (nature)
* ANY child could learn ANY language * All humans have this “BUILT-IN”? * EVOLVED as it is very ADAPTIVE (communication + survival)
38
List arguments for language being a HABIT (nurture/learned)
* PLASTIC brains LEARN language through EXPOSURE * Language becomes very OVERLEARNED = becomes a HABIT * LEARNED as it is very ADAPTIVE (communication + survival)