13 Thiking & Decision-making I Flashcards
2 TYPES of problems in terms of DEFINITION
Explain these
WELL-defined
Initial state, Final state, ACTIONS to achieve final state are all CLEAR
ILL-defined
= 1 or more NOT clear
2 examples showing why it is important to APPROACH problems in many ways
Mutilates ches-board problem
Tramping monk problem
Define functional fixedness
STUCK on one interpretation of the object - need to overcome
Example of functional fixedness
Candle + Tacks problem
Participants fixated on box as a container
Define algorithms and heuristics
Algorithms = set of steps GUARANTEED to arrive at solution Heuristics = “short-cut” that is likely to, but not guaranteed to arrive at a solution
Define the INSIGHT and INCUBATION effects
Insight - solution comes to you “all at once” = Eureka moment
Incubation - arrive at solution more effectively after a BREAK
Examples of the INSIGHT effect
Poincare’s math problem
Kekule - structure of BENZENE
2-string problem
2 theories for why incubation works well for problem-solving?
Define both
Unconscious thinking - unconsciously working on problem?
Productive forgetting - unhelpful strategies forgotten?
How did chess MASTERS vs novices differ in memorising chess-pieces?
REAL game positions = Masters better (remember PATTERNS - chunk)
Random scatter = NO DIFF
2 types of EYE movements during eye-tracking studies?
Saccades - RAPID eye movements
Fixations - periods of fixation between saccades
Examples of how “masters” eye-tracking is special
Chess masters rapidly FOCUS on “imporant” pieces
Radiologists radpidly focus on TUMORS in scan
2 key ingredients to becoming an “expert”?
Deliberate practice
Lengthy training
Define “deliberate practice”
Receiving feedback
Opportunity to correct errors
Focus on areas of WEAKNESS
