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PSYCH109 > 19 Memory I > Flashcards

19 Memory I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key PROCESSES in memory?

Define each

A

Encoding - CODING of information
Storage
Retrieval - FINDING stored memories

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2
Q

What circumstances can cause memory to FAIL

A

Encoding error - no storage
Storage error - stored but LOST
Retrieval error - stored but CAN’T FIND

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3
Q

Example of RETRIEVAL failure

A

“Tip-of-tongue” phenomenon

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4
Q

Environmental stimuli are stored into WHAT type of memory first?

A

SENSORY memory (visual/auditory)

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5
Q

From SENSORY memory, memories can enter what type of memory?

HOW does it become committed to this memory?

A

ATTENTION can commit sensory memories to SHORT-TERM memory

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6
Q

Short-term memory is AKA

A

Working memory

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7
Q

How can we ACTIVELY keep things in SHORT-TERM memory

A

Rehearsal

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8
Q

Short-term memories can become….

HOW?

A

Consolidation can commit short-term memories to LONG-TERM

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9
Q

BOTH _____ and ______ memory FEEDS INTO ______ memory

A

Both SENSORY and LONG-TERM memory feeds into SHORT-TERM memory

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10
Q

Sensory memory (VISUAL) is AKA

A

“Iconic” memory

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11
Q

FUNCTION of VISUAL sensory memory

A

“SMOOTHS OUT” visual lives

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12
Q

Examples of how VISUAL sensory memory SMOOTHS OUT visual lives?

A

MOVIES
*must retain images to understand movie (CONTINUITY)

FINGER-WAGGING TEST

  • see 2 fingers
  • 1 image lingers after you move
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13
Q

How long is information RETAINED in sensory memory?

HOW MUCH of the information is retained?

A

ALL information BRIEFLY available (~1/2 sec)

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14
Q

What are the 2 BRANCHES of sensory memory?

A

Visual

Auditory

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15
Q

Sensory memory (AUDITORY) is AKA

A

“Echoic” memory

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16
Q

Function of AUDITORY sensory memory

A

SMOOTHS out auditory lives

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17
Q

Experiment that shows the function of AUDITORY sensory memory

A

Dichotic listening task

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18
Q

What does the Dichotic listening task prove about our AUDITORY sensory memories?

A
  • Can attend to MULTIPLE auditory streams
  • Can voluntarily SWITCH to one ear
  • Can retain 2-3 sec from other ear
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19
Q

What happens to information from the ear you are ATTENDING to?

A

Committed to SHORT-TERM memory

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20
Q

What happens to information from the ear you are ΝΟΤ attending to?

A

Committed to ECHOIC memory

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21
Q

Function of STM (Working)?

A

MENTAL WORK is done here

  • mental arithmetic
  • mental time travel (pull info from PAST or invent FUTURE)
  • general conversation (pulling on words)
  • mental rotation
22
Q

What are the 3 PARTS of STM?

A
  • Visuospatial sketchpad
  • CENTRAL EXECUTIVE
  • Articulatory loop
23
Q

Function of Articulatory loop?

A

Repeating phone number over and over to make a call

Type of rehearsal

24
Q

Name 2 ways to ENHANCE working memory efficiency?

A
  • ”Chunking”

* Rehearsal

25
Q

What is the general item LIMIT of memory span?

A

~7 items

26
Q

How does “chunking” work?

A

Memory span is ~7 items, but items can be “CHUNKED” into LARGER UNITS to commit MORE to working memory

27
Q

Give an example of how CHUNKING improves working memory

A

We can recall 7 letters
We can recall 7 WORDS (32 letters)

(Words = “chunks” of letters)

28
Q

Working memory can handle a CONSTANT number of ….

BUT we can ….. to commit more to working memory

A

Working memory can handle a CONSTANT number of CHUNKS

BUT we can make each chunk BIGGER to commit more to working memory

29
Q

When working memory (STM) is committed to LTM, what PHYSICAL CHANGE happens?

A

∆STRUCTURE of synapses to create new long-term memory

30
Q

Function of REHEARSAL

A

RETAIN things in working memory

31
Q

2 types of REHEARSAL

A
  1. Maintenance rehearsal

2. Elaborative rehearsal

32
Q

Compare functions of the 2 rehearsal types

A 
Maintenance = simply HOLDING info for as long as you NEED it
Elaborative = working DEEPER to find patterns, associations, form chunks
33
Q

What does ELABORATIVE allow us to do with short-term memories?

A

Enhances transition to LTM

Deeper processing = better recall

34
Q

Name the 3 LEVELS of processing from most shallow to deep

A
  1. VISUAL - “how many vowels”
  2. PHOENEMIC - “does it rhyme with crate?”
  3. SEMANTIC - “what does it do?”
35
Q

When memorising a LIST of words, what EFFECT is seen?

A

Serial Position effect

36
Q

What MEMORIES operate when memorising a LIST of words?

A

Both SHORT + LONG-term memories

37
Q

Explain the Serial Position effect

A

EARLIER items held in LTM

LATER items held in STM

38
Q

What EFFECTS occur with the early vs late words?

A 
Early = PRIMACY effect
Late = RECENCY effect
39
Q

What can cause REDUCTION of the primacy / recency effects?

A

Primacy effect reduced by FAST presentation
(No time to release for LTM)
Recency effect reduced by DELAY
(STM fades)

40
Q

People who have “supermemories” are called

A

Savants

41
Q

Describe general characteristics of Savants

A
  • May use “TRICKS”, may have GENETIC component

* Often have DEFECITS (brain abnormalities, Aspergers)

42
Q

Name 3 Savants

A
  1. Solomon Shreshevskii
  2. Kim Peek
  3. Daniel Tammett
43
Q

What was Solomon Shereshevskii’s TRICK to remember lists?

A

Method of LOCI

= imagine words in a familiar ENVIRO, then take a “MENTAL WALK” down the street

44
Q

What was a LIMITATION to Shereshevskii’s memory?

A

Highly SPECIFIC memory = hard to learn general CONCEPTS

45
Q

What “Syndrome” did Shereshevskii have?

Define it

A

Synaesthesia
= possibly GENETIC tendency to ATTACH 1 sensory quality to another
= forms VIVID images
(eg. colors for days of the week)

46
Q

What did Kim Peek’s supermemory allow him to do?

A

Have a VAST knowledge of 9000 books, movies, music etc

47
Q

LIMITATIONS of Kim Peek’s supermemory status?

A
  • LOW IQ = 87
  • Couldn’t button own clothes
  • BRAIN abnormalities - macrocephaly, cerebellar malfunction
48
Q

What did Daniel Tammett do with his memory?

A
  • Learned Icelandic in 1 week

* Learned π to 22,514 places

49
Q

What SYNDROME did Daniel Tammett have?

A

Synaesthesia

Saw π digits “ROLL BY”

50
Q

What LIMITATION did Daniel Tammett have?

A

Asperger syndrome

PSYCH109 (18 decks)

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