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PSYCH109 > 17 Consciousness > Flashcards

17 Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 THEORIES of consciousness?

A

Dualism

Naturalism

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2
Q

What philosopher believed in Dualism?

A

Descartes - Mind-Body dualism

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3
Q

Define Descartes’ DUALISM

A

Mental/Physical world exist in 2 SEPARATE realms

  • Res extensa - PHYSICAL world
  • Res cognitans - MENTAL world
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4
Q

What did Descartes think was the INTERFACE between the physical and mental realms?

A

Pineal gland

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5
Q

Define Naturalism

A

Mental events ARISE FROM brain processes

NO distinction between mental/physical realms

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6
Q

Define perception WITHOUT awareness

A

Processing information from eyes WITHOUT processing that information to UNDERSTAND it?
(Perceive without knowing it)

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7
Q

Explain a LESION that proves the existence of “Perception WITHOUT awareness”

A

“Blindsight” = lesion in V1
= “blind” in part of visual field
= “Cortical blindness”

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8
Q

The extend of cortical blindness in “Blindsight” depends on?

A

EXTENT of V1 dmg

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9
Q

Name 2 famous patients who had Blindsight

A

DB

GY

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10
Q

What SYMPTOMS did DB and GY have?

A

BLIND for part of visual field, but COULD respond to visual info with NO AWARENESS of what they were seeing

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11
Q

What happened when Blindsight patients were subjected to “Forced-choice responding”?

A

Accurately “guess” line orientations and striped vs grey patches in the “BLIND” area
= INSIST they see nothing
= responses are PURE guesses

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12
Q

Why do Blindsight patients still ACCURATELY “guess” things in their “blind” area?

A

Some visual pathways that BYPASS V1

= allows some “vision” in the “cortically blind areas”

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13
Q

What is a key example of “Perception without awareness” in all NORMAL people?

A

Semantic Priming

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14
Q

Define Semantic Priming

A

If shown words of RELATED MEANING (eg. Bread + Sandwich)

= FASTER response to target word

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15
Q

What is the 3 step PROTOCOL for semantic priming?

A
  1. PRIMING word shown briefly (Bread)
  2. Scrambled letters shown briefly
  3. TARGET word shown briefly

= people respond FASTER to related words

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16
Q

What does the Semantic Priming effect prove?

A

Even NORMAL people show “Perception without Awareness”

Perceived priming words WITHOUT perceiving them

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17
Q

What research technique was used to compare BRAIN activity during CONSCIOUS vs NON-CONSCIOUS perception?

A

Neuroimaging

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18
Q

What did neuroimaging show for CONSCIOUS perception of a VISIBLE word?

A

WIDESPREAD activity

= “Cerebral ignition” (information becomes GLOBALLY available”

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19
Q

What model comes from “Cerebral Ignition”

A

Global Neuronal Workspace model

= “SHARED workspace” accessible to ALL brain areas

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20
Q

What does neuroimaging reveal about NON-conscious processing when an INVISIBLE word is shown?

A

SPECIALISED areas of visual pathway ONLY
= restricted by limited information from specialised processors
(NOT whole brain activation)

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21
Q

What did Chalmers come up with?

A

EASY vs HARD problems of consciousness

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22
Q

Name Chalmers’ “EASY” problems of consciousness

A

Simple distinguishing of CONSCIOUS vs NON-conscious

  • Perception
  • Learning (Iowa Gambling Task)
23
Q

The EASY problems of consciousness can be STUDIED using…

A

Cognitive NEUROSCIENCE methods

Accessible using technology, measurable

24
Q

What is Chalmers’ HARD problem of consciouenss

A

“Qualia”

= Subjective experience of the individual

25
Q

What is Chalmers’ THEORY about consciousness?

A

Consciousness as a “FUNDAMENTAL FEATURE” of the universe
= cannot be analysed into anything more basic
= cannot be explained by BASIC neural/physical processes
= most simple building block element?

26
Q

Who DISAGREES with Chalmers?

What does he say about Chalmers’ theory?

A

Dennett:

Chalmers appeals to our INTUITIONS but our intuitions can be UNRELIABLE

27
Q

List 5 ways in which STATES of consciousness can be ALTERED (acronym)

A

SHNDD (‘Shinned so hard you lose consciousness’)

  • Sleep
  • Hypnosis + meditation
  • Neuropsychological syndromes
  • Drugs + alcohol
  • Disorders (coma, vegetative)
28
Q

STATES of consciousness are STUDIED using…

What is this?

A

EEG = electroencephalography

Small electrical charges due to brain activity measured using ELECTRODES

29
Q

What PATTERNS are seen on EEGs?

A

WAVES that follow CYCLIC changes

30
Q

List the 4 types of EEG patters from LARGEST to smallest waves
Explain what STATE of consciousness each wave represents

A 
BATD
β - normal WAKING, alert
α - DROWSY, meditation
θ - LIGHT sleep
∆ - DEEP sleep
31
Q

How many STAGES of SLEEP are there?

A

5

32
Q

What happens in the FIRST stage of sleep?
What is it CALLED?
For HOW LONG does it last?

A

Hypnogogic sleep (~5 min)
= breathing DEEPER + more regular
= EASY to awaken
= HYPNIC jerks

33
Q

What kind of WAVES does stage 1 sleep show on an EEG?

A

THETA (light sleep)

34
Q

What happens in the SECOND stage of sleep?

For HOW LONG does it last?

A

Stage 2
= ~20 min
= Relatively easy to awaken (but KNOW they were asleep)
= SLEEP SPINDLES on EEG

35
Q

What are ‘Sleep Spindles’ on an EEG?

A

SPIKES followed by BURSTS of activity

36
Q

What happens in the THIRD + FOURTH stages of sleep?

What is it CALLED?

A

“SWS - Slow Wave Sleep”
= DEC breathing + HR + body temp
= HARD to awaken

37
Q

What kind of EEG waves are seen during SWS

A 
DELTA waves (deep sleep)
= slow, high amplitude waves
38
Q

What is a VISIBLE chracteristic of stage 1 sleep?

A

Hypnic jerks

39
Q

What is a EEG characteristic of stage 2 sleep?

A

Sleep spindles

40
Q

What is the 5th stage of sleep?

A

REM sleep

= Rapid Eye Movement sleep

41
Q

What happens in the REM leep?

WHEN does it begin?

A 
REM sleep = ~90 min after falling asleep
= FAST + IRREGULAR breathing, HR
= Genital arousal
= HARDEST to awaken
= DREAMING
42
Q

What does EEG during REM look like?

Therefore, what is REM also called?

A

Resembles WAKING pattern

= “Paradoxical” sleep

43
Q

How does sleep change throughout the night?

A

CYCLES throughout the night

  • SWS dominates EARLY
  • REM dominates LATER
44
Q

Name 4 DoC (Disorders of Consciousness) + acronym

A

CVML

  • Coma
  • Vegetative state
  • Minimally-conscious state
  • Locked-in syndrome
45
Q

Explain COMA

A
  • Completely unresponsive
  • NO wakefulness
  • Closed eyes
46
Q

Explain Vegetative state

A
  • Wakefulness (eyes open)

* Reflexive behavior

47
Q

Explain Minimally-conscious state

A
  • Wakefulness
  • SOME non-reflexive behavior
  • SOME ability to follow COMMANDS
48
Q

Explain “Locked-in Syndrome”

A

Awake/conscious but CANNOT make responses

49
Q

What technique is used to detect/confirm CONSCIOUSNESS in DoCs?

A

Neuroimaging

50
Q

Explain how neuroimaging may be used to detect consciousness?

A

Ask patients to imagine playing tennis

= similar excitation patterns in CONTROL + PATIENT

51
Q

What is another TECHNOLOGY which has improved DoC confirmations and Tx?

A

BCIs = Brain Computer Interfaces

52
Q

What does BCI allow us to do?

A

Allows COMMUNICATION + Tx tailoring

53
Q

Give examples of BCIs

A

EEG

fMRI

PSYCH109 (18 decks)

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