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ATPL - BGS [Mod 1] Meteorology > 22. Tropical Resolving Storms > Flashcards

22. Tropical Resolving Storms Flashcards

1
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Tropical revolving storms (TRS) are enormous thermal HIGHS or LOWS

A

LOWS

Start at the time and place of maximum heating as the sun turns to retreat in late summer or autum

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2
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

TRS take their energy from;

[ ] Very warm air land breeze to sea
[ ] Water vapour from warm sea
[ ] Water vapour from cold sea
[ ] Established thunderstorms
[ ] Polar front depression

A

[ ] Very warm air land breeze to sea
[X] Water vapour from warm sea
[ ] Water vapour from cold sea
[ ] Established thunderstorms
[ ] Polar front depression

  • The water vapour from a warm sea condensing aloft
  • This releases latent heat
  • Freshing winds become circulatory and the system becomes very low pressure and converging instability
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3
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Tropical Revolving Storms (TRS) will likely start between which 2 seasons of the year

A

SUMMER and AUTUMN

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4
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Sea temperatures of ____℃ or more are required for a TRS to initiate

A

26℃

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5
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. TRS do not form over COLD or WARM seas
  2. TRS will die out or revert to being an active depression when they pass over ____ or ____
A
  1. COLD
  2. COLD SEA or LAND

  • The moisture and latent heat is fueling the storm when over warm sea
  • Once it hits cold sea or land, the fuel source is cut off as the air becomes colder and can hold far less moisture

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6
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

The conditions required for the formation of a TRS are;

  1. Ocean water temperacture above 26℃ (approx 60m deep) [TRUE or FALSE]
  2. Winds need to be divering near the surface [TRUE or FALSE]
  3. AIr needs to be unstable so it will continue to rise [TRUE or FALSE]
  4. The air up to about 2500m (8000ft) needs to be dry as it is pulled into the storm [TRUE or FALSE]
  5. The air up to about 5500m (18,000ft) needs to be humid as it is pulled into the storm [TRUE or FALSE]
  6. Pre-existing winds not created by the storm should be coming from nearly the same direction and close to the same speeds [TRUE or FALSE]
  7. A surface high pressure should be available to draw air down [TRUE or FALSE]
  8. An upper atmosphere high pressure should be present to help disperse air rising into the storm [TRUE or FALSE]
  9. The storm will form at the equator only [TRUE or FALSE]
A
  1. TRUE
  2. FALSE
  3. TRUE
  4. FALSE
  5. TRUE
  6. TRUE
  7. FALSE
  8. TRUE
  9. FALSE

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7
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. Tropical revolving storms do not form at less than ____° latitude
  2. Normally, they will form between ____° and ____° latitude
A
  1. 5°
  2. 10° to 20°

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8
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. The qualify as a full-scale TRS, the windspeed must reach ____kts
  2. When a TRS forms, the pressure at the surface becomes very low. The gradient wind tightens and circulating winds become stronger, reaching sustained speeds of ____kts and ____kts
A
  1. 64 kts
  2. 80 kts to 180 kts

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9
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. A TRS in the Northern Hemisphere will circulate *CLOCKWISE or ANTI CLOCKWISE around the low pressure at the surface
  2. A TRS in the Northern Hemisphere will circulate *CLOCKWISE or ANTI CLOCKWISE around the high pressure at the tropopause
A
  1. ANTI-CLOCKWISE
  2. CLOCKWISE

TRS - NH

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10
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. A TRS in the Southern Hemisphere will circulate CLOCKWISE or ANTI CLOCKWISE around the low pressure at the surface
  2. A TRS in the Southern Hemisphere will circulate *CLOCKWISE or ANTI CLOCKWISE around the high pressure at the tropopause
A
  1. CLOCKWISE
  2. ANTI-CLOCKWISE

TRS - NH

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11
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

The diameter of a TRS can vary between ____ and ____km

A

300 to 1500 KM

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12
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Subsidence of air will take place at which part of the storm

A

OUTER PART BETWEEN CLOUD BANDS

TRS - NH

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13
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

The fastest winds within a TRS will be located AT THE EYE WALL or ON THE OUTER CIRCUMFURANCE

A

AT THE EYE WALL

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14
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. The air within the center of the storm (the eye) is RISING or SUBSIDING
  2. The eye is typically between ____ and ____km wide
A
  1. SUBSIDING
  2. 30 to 50 KM (20 - 35 mi)

  • Resolving around a very tight gradient
  • This is why the winds are strongest at the eye wall
  • The air immediately int he center of the eye is calm and light winds

TRS EYE

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15
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. The most hazardous location for flying within the TRS is FRONT 90° SECTOR or REAR 90° SECTOR
  2. Severe icing will occur at LOW or MEDIUM or HIGH levels
  3. Cloud bases will be approximately 500 ft or 1000 ft or 1500 ft
  4. If you were flying through a TRS, once you reached the eye wall and kept flying through, you would have very bad flying conditions for approximately ____km
A
  1. FRONT 90° SECTOR
  2. MEDIUM
  3. 1000 ft
  4. 500 KM

  • The front sector where the TRS is moving across the surface is the most hazardous point of a storm

TRS

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16
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Satelite imagry is the typical means to detect a storm in todays forecasting. Previously, the symptoms that indicate an approaching storm;

  1. High Ci or Cb cloud formation
  2. HEAVY or STILL sea conditions
  3. Continuously RISING or FALLING pressure
A
  1. Ci CLOUD
  2. HEAVY SEA SWELL
  3. FALLING PRESSURE

5

17
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

“An area of low pressure forms within rising air at the center. Water vapour condenses to form cloud and releases latent heat into the middle andupper atmosphere. There is considerable build up of towering cumulus. Light surface winds”

This is the definition of which of the stage of development of a TRS

A

1st PHASE;
TROPICAL DISTURBANCE

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18
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

“near the surface the air converging towards the centre of the depression strengthens the cyclonic circulation. As rising air is deflected outwards by the tropopause (divergence) surface pressure will continue to fall. Cumulonimbus build near the centre of the system. Surface winds up to 33 knots”

This is the definition of which of the stage of development of a TRS

A

2nd PHASE;
TROPICAL DEPRESSION

7

19
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

“The center of the system is surrounded by large cumulonimbus which diverges just below the tropopause. Most of the divergin air moves away from the centre of the system (known as the ‘eye’ of the storm) but some air moves towards the ‘eye’ and sinks. As this air sinks it is warmed adiabatically and clears the cloud. Surface pressure continues to fall. Surface winds 34 - 63 knots”

This is the definition of which of the stage of development of a TRS

A

3rd PHASE;
TROPICAL STORM

8

20
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

“surface pressure is extremely low but the ‘eye’ of the storm will be cloud free and light winds because of the sinking air. The rest of the system will have very strong cyclonic winds and huge cumulonimbus clouds. Surface winds nearer to 63 knots”

This is the definition of which of the stage of development of a TRS

A

4th PHASE;
SEVERE TROPICAL STORM

9

21
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

“During its development the storm will normally track from east to west but now it will track away from the equator. Although conditions in the eye are very calm and clear, the rest of the storm will have winds in excess of 70 knots with the strongest winds just around the eye at the ‘eye wall’. There will be very heavy rainfall from the extensive cumulonimbus cloud. As the system moves away from the equator the surface pressure will gradually increase and the overall intensity of the weather will abate.”

This is the definition of which of the stage of development of a TRS

A

5th PHASE;
MATURE TROPICAL REVOLVING STORM

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22
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

How many phases of a tropical revolving storm are there in development and including up to the mature phase

A

5

  • 4 stages of development
  • 5th phase is mature phase
23
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Number the 5 phases of a tropical revolving storm sequentially;

[ ] Mature Tropical Revolving Storm
[ ] Tropical Storm
[ ] Severe Tropical Storm
[ ] Tropical Disturbance
[ ] Tropical Depression

A

[5] Mature Tropical Revolving Storm
[3] Tropical Storm
[4] Severe Tropical Storm
[1] Tropical Disturbance
[2] Tropical Depression

5/7/7/8/9/10

24
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Late triggered TRSs bring heavy rain to ____ after the SW Monsoon has left the region

A

NORTHERN BAY OF BENGAL

11

25
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

The normal TRS season occurs regionally when the sea temperature is at its HIGHEST or LOWEST in late SPRING or SUMMER or EARLY SUMMER or EARLY AUTUMN

A
  1. HIGHEST
  2. LATE SUMMER
  3. EARLY AUMTUMN

  • Typically as rule of thumb, June to November for the Northern Hemisphere and December to April in the Southern Hemisphere
  • The only exception is the North Indian Ocean where temperatures are high enough that a TRS can be triggered in April/May and late summer October/November

TRS SEASON

12

26
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Marry up the type of storm to the geographic location;

  1. North Atlantic Ocean [ ]
  2. Northeast Pacific [ ]
  3. Northwest Pacitic [ ]
  4. North Indian Ocean [ ]
  5. Soutwest Indian Ocean [ ]
  6. Southeast Indian Ocean [ ]
  7. Southwest Pacific [ ]
  • Cyclone
  • Hurricane
  • Typhoon
A
  1. North Atlantic Ocean [HURRICANE]
  2. Northeast Pacific [HURRICANE]
  3. Northwest Pacitic [TYPHOON]
  4. North Indian Ocean [CYCLONE]
  5. Soutwest Indian Ocean [CYCLONE]
  6. Southeast Indian Ocean [CYCLONE]
  7. Southwest Pacific [CYCLONE]

TRS SEASON 01

TRS SEASON 02

12

27
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Marry up the time of year when each geographic location typically will see a TRS

  1. North Atlantic Ocean [ ]
  2. Northeast Pacific [ ]
  3. Northwest Pacitic [ ]
  4. North Indian Ocean [ ]
  5. Soutwest Indian Ocean [ ]
  6. Southeast Indian Ocean [ ]
  7. Southwest Pacific [ ]

Some answers can be used multiple times;
* Year-Round (min Feb / Mar)
* June - Nov
* Apr - May & Oct - Nov
* Dec - Apr
* May - Nov

A
  1. North Atlantic Ocean [JUN - NOV]
  2. Northeast Pacific [MAY - NOV]
  3. Northwest Pacitic [Year-Round]
  4. North Indian Ocean [APR/MAY & OCT/NOV]
  5. Soutwest Indian Ocean [DEC - APR]
  6. Southeast Indian Ocean [DEC - APR]
  7. Southwest Pacific [DEC - APR]

TRS SEASON 01

TRS SEASON 02

12

28
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Marry up the Average annual frequency of a >34 kts storm and a >64 kts TRS for the given geographical regions

  1. North Atlantic Ocean [ ] [ ]
  2. Northeast Pacific [ ] [ ]
  3. Northwest Pacitic [ ] [ ]
  4. North Indian Ocean [ ] [ ]
  5. Soutwest Indian Ocean [ ] [ ]
  6. Southeast Indian Ocean [ ] [ ]
  7. Southwest Pacific [ ] [ ]

REGION | AVG FREQ. >34 kts | AVG FREQ. >64 kts |

A
  1. North Atlantic Ocean [11] [6]
  2. Northeast Pacific [17] [9 ]
  3. Northwest Pacitic [26] [16]
  4. North Indian Ocean [5] [2]
  5. Soutwest Indian Ocean [10] [4]
  6. Southeast Indian Ocean [7] [3]
  7. Southwest Pacific [9] [4]

REGION | AVG FREQ. >34 kts | AVG FREQ. >64 kts |

SEQUENCE;
* 11 + 6 = 17
* 17 + 9 = 26
* 26 - 16 = 10
* 10 / 2 = 5
* 5, 4 , 3
* 3 + 4 = 7
* and 9!

12

29
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

The name of a city in Australia that is frequently referenced in ATPL exams as being impacted by Cyclones

A

DARWIN

13

30
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. The general direction and movement of a TRS is EASTERLY or WESTERLY
  2. This is as a result of upper troughs formed in the tropical EASTERLY or WESTERLY flow
A
  1. WESTERLY
  2. EASTERLY

TRS

14

31
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Which 7 Ocean locations are associated with TRS basins i.e. where storms will usually form

[ ] North Atlantic Ocean
[ ] South Atlatnic Ocean
[ ] Northeast Pacific
[ ] Northwest Pacitic
[ ] Arctic Ocean
[ ] North Indian Ocean
[ ] Soutwest Indian Ocean
[ ] Southeast Indian Ocean
[ ] Southwest Pacific
[ ] Southern Ocean

A

[X] North Atlantic Ocean
[ ] South Atlatnic Ocean
[X] Northeast Pacific
[X] Northwest Pacific
[ ] Arctic Ocean
[X] North Indian Ocean
[X] Soutwest Indian Ocean
[X] Southeast Indian Ocean
[X] Southwest Pacific
[ ] Southern Ocean

15

32
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are associated with which ocean geographic location;

[ ] Northwest Pacitic
[ ] Arctic Ocean
[ ] North Indian Ocean
[ ] Soutwest Indian Ocean
[ ] Southeast Indian Ocean

A

[ ] Northwest Pacitic
[ ] Arctic Ocean
[X] North Indian Ocean
[ ] Soutwest Indian Ocean
[ ] Southeast Indian Ocean

16

33
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. Easterly waves are associated with POLAR DEPRESSIONS or ITCZ LOW SURFACE PRESSURE
  2. Easterly waves form between ITCZ AND SUB-TROPICAL HIGH or POLAR AIR AND SUB-TROPICAL AIR
  3. Easterly waves form between latitudes ____° and ____° N/S
A
  1. ITCZ LOW SURFACE PRESSURE
  2. ITCZ and SUB-TROPICAL HIGH
  3. 5° and 20°

17

34
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

Thunderstorms are likely to form on the EAST or WEST side of an easterly wave

A

EAST

18

35
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

  1. What sort of clouds are associated with an easterly wave
  2. These clouds will align EAST -TO-WEST or NORTH-TO-SOUTH
  3. The clouds will move EAST -TO-WEST or WEST-TO-EAST
  4. These formations are typically known as TROPICAL TORNADO or AFRICAN HURRICANE
A
  1. CB and THUNDERSTORM
  2. NORTH to SOUTH
  3. EAST to WEST
  4. TROPICAL TORNADO

18

35
Q

Tropical Resolving Storms

The source of hurricanes in the Caribbean are associated with which weather phenomenon

A

EASTERLY WAVE
(West African Tropical Tornado)

18

ATPL - BGS [Mod 1] Meteorology (27 decks)

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