08. High Level Winds

Question 1

High Level Winds

What is one of the main contributing factors to pressure differences at height that result in wind blowing

Answer 1

TEMPERATURE OF COLUMNS OF AIR

• warm columns of air are much taller than colder columns of air
• High air mass temperature - high pressure aloft
• low air mass temperature - low pressure aloft

HIGH LEVEL WINDS

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Question 2

High Level Winds

1. If the air mass temperature is HIGH, pressure aloft will be HIGH or LOW
2. If the air mass temperature is LOW, pressure aloft will be HIGH or LOW

Answer 2

1. HIGH
2. LOW

• warm columns of air are much taller than colder columns of air
• High air mass temperature - high pressure aloft
• low air mass temperature - low pressure aloft

HIGH LEVEL WINDS

1

Question 3

High Level Winds

High level wind is made up of what two components

Answer 3

1. WIND AT LOW LEVEL
2. THERMAL COMPONENT

• The wind at low level is caused by differences in surface pressure
• The thermal component is caused by differences in temperature at height
• In the diagram example, it is a side profile view of height
• The blue contour lines from right to left are decreasing in value, this reflecting lowering pressure at the surface
• The thermal componet sits between the layer of warm and layer of cold air
• The black line represents the isohypses, which is the contour line of the air mass. In this example, the red arrow follows the 300mb level line

EXAMPLE

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Question 4

High Level Winds

What is the name given to the lines that represent contours of the air mass

Answer 4

ISOHYPSES

contour lines

EXAMPLE

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Question 5

High Level Winds

1. The upper wind blows parallel to ISOBARS or ISOTHERMS or CONTOURS with low pressure on the left in the northern hemsiphere
2. Low level wind blows parallel to ISOBARS or ISOTHERMS or CONTOURS with low pressure on the left in the northern hemsiphere
3. The Thermal wind blows parallel to ISOBARS or ISOTHERMS or CONTOURS with low temperature on the left in the northern hemsiphere

Answer 5

1. CONTOURS
2. ISOBARS
3. ISOTHERMS

3

Question 6

High Level Winds

Upper winds are indicated by contour charts which are constant pressure charts. It shows pressure level in ____, and points of the same altitude are linked by lines called _____

Answer 6

1. GEOPOTENTIAL METERS
2. ISOHYPSES

EXAMPLE

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Question 7

High Level Winds

Words starting with iso- indicate lines of joining points of equal something. What do the following mean;

1. Isobar : equal ____
2. Isotherm : equal ____
3. Isotach : equal ____
4. isohypse : equal ____

Answer 7

1. Isobar : equal PRESSURE
2. Isotherm : equal TEMPERATURE
3. Isotach : equal SPEED
4. isohypse : equal HEIGHT

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Question 8

High Level Winds

An isohypse (height contour) represents the distance from zero geopotential meteres. What does geopotential assume of the earth

Answer 8

PERFECTLY FLAT

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Question 9

High Level Winds

Countour charts may give the height of the relevent pressure value in what metric of meters

Answer 9

DECAMETERS
(tens of meters)

• 552 is 5520m aka 18,105 ft

4

Question 10

High Level Winds

When cosidering a contour chart, which is a top down view, if the chart were turned on its side to provide a cross section view where you could determine the revelent height of pressure lines;

1. The HIGH or LOW pressure would represent a CONVEXED CURVE to the surface
2. The HIGH or LOW pressure would represent a CONCAVED CURVE to the surface

Convex TO means bows towards surface
Concave TO means bows away from sur

Answer 10

1. LOW
2. HIGH

• Low pressure would bow towards the surface
• High pressure would bow away from the surface

CONTOUR CHART

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Question 11

High Level Winds

What does ITCZ stand for, and what is it a line of

Answer 11

1. INTER-TROPICAL CONVERGANCE ZONE
2. LINE OF HIGH TEMPERATURE

• The ITCZ is a line of high temperature running around the earth following the sun

6

Question 12

High Level Winds

The ITCZ causes the upper winds above to blow in what direction

Answer 12

EASTERLY

• ** REMEMBER** Easterly wind means it blows FROM the east, so arrow points to the west in diagram

EXAMPLE

6

Question 13

High Level Winds

As air masses move away from the equator at height, the air masses cool down. This means which component will dominate as the wind increases speed

Answer 13

THERMAL COMPONENT

• ** REMEMBER** Easterly wind means it blows FROM the east, so arrow points to the west in diagram

EXAMPLE

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Question 14

High Level Winds

As air masses move away from the equator at height, the air masses cool down. This means the thermal component will dominate as the wind increases speed, and will wind will blow from which direction, and are known by what name

Answer 14

1. WESTERLY
2. TRADE WINDS (upper westerlies)

• ** REMEMBER** Easterly wind means it blows FROM the east, so arrow points to the west in diagram

EXAMPLE

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Question 15

High Level Winds

The wind will blow from which direction at the poles

Answer 15

EASTERLY

• The air in the poles is not much colder than the air adjacent to it
• The thermal component dies away
• ** REMEMBER** Easterly wind means it blows FROM the east, so arrow points to the west in diagram

EXAMPLE

6

Question 16

High Level Winds

The global circulation of air carrying the excess heat energy from the equator to the poles divides the torosphere into four main blocks. These are;

Answer 16

1. HOT TROPICAL AIR AT EQUATOR
2. WARM SUBTROPICAL AIR (Lat 30° to 50°)
3. COLD POLAR AIR (winter only)
4. VERY COLD ARCTIC AIR

• There are marked temperature gradients at the boundaries of where each of the blocks meet
• These temperature gradients at height create pressure differences.
• The points of the maximum pressure gradient is where the strongest winds are found - Jetstreams

JETSTREAMS

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Question 17

High Level Winds

“A strong narrow current of air on a nearly horizontal axis in the upper troposphere or low stratosphere, characerised by strong lateral and vertical windsheers. The wind speed must be more than 60 kts”

This is the definition of what sort of wind

Answer 17

JETSTREAM

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Question 18

High Level Winds

To be characterised as a jetstream, the wind must blow more than how many knots

Answer 18

60 kts

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Question 19

High Level Winds

The jetstreams form where the pressure gradient between two air masses is greatest. The warm air is usually around or ABOVE or BELOW the tropopause level

Answer 19

AT OR BELOW

JETSTREAM

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Question 20

High Level Winds

The core of a jetstream is found in the WARM or COLD front of air

Answer 20

WARM

• Hetstream core at height will always be in the warmer air
• Because the fgront slopes, when you look at the situation in profile view, the jstream will actually appear to be on the cold air side.

JETSTREAM

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Question 21

High Level Winds

In the Northern Hemisphere, the fronts which move with the seasons, in winter, will usually be FASTER or SLOWER

Answer 21

FASTER

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Question 22

High Level Winds

The polar front jetstream is typically found at around ____ft

Answer 22

30,000 ft

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Question 23

High Level Winds

The Sub-tropical jet stream is higher than the polar jetstream as it is in the warmer, tropical air. It is usually around ____ft

Answer 23

40,000 ft

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Question 24

High Level Winds

1. The polar front jestreams reach speeds of ____kts
2. The sub-tropical jetstreams reach speeds of ____kts

Answer 24

1. 200 kts
2. 100 kts

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Question 25

# High Level Winds Long polar nights in the winter of the hemisphere cools polar air. This forms a distinct ____

Answer 25

ARCTIC AIR MASS ## Footnote 10

Question 26

# High Level Winds The winter of the hemisphere cools the polar air forming distinct arcitc air masses between ____° latitude and the pole

Answer 26

70° ## Footnote [JETSTREAMS](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1c2c_0_JWwFRh__856rLWdjARfMgzzj3G/view?usp=drive_link) 10

Question 27

# High Level Winds Jetstreams are *FASTER or SLOWER* in winter and *CLOSER or FURTHER* from the equator

Answer 27

1. FASTER 2. CLOSER ## Footnote * In winter the air masses in the poles cool significantly * This is enough to form an arctic air mass * The land is cooler in higher latitudes, so this causes the jetstream to move closer towards the equator [JETSTREAMS](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1c2c_0_JWwFRh__856rLWdjARfMgzzj3G/view?usp=drive_link) 10

Question 28

# High Level Winds The core of an arctic jetstream can be found at ____ft with max speeds up to ____kts

Answer 28

1. 20,000 ft 2. 80 kts ## Footnote 10

Question 29

# High Level Winds When the cooling of the polar air is very severe, this cools not only the air in the troposphere, but also the stratosphere above it. This causes what jetstream to form.

Answer 29

POLAR NIGHT JETSTREAM ## Footnote 10

Question 30

# High Level Winds The *polar night Jetstream* occurs around ____° latitude, and approximately ____ft

Answer 30

1. 70° 2. 80,000 ft ## Footnote 10

Question 31

# High Level Winds Jetstreams are all Westerly, apart from which jetstream, which is easterly

Answer 31

EQUATORIAL JETSTREAM ## Footnote [JETSTREAM](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1c63OflX7mYWVsrIPik5QZU-EgbSD4jeO/view?usp=drive_link) 11

Question 32

# High Level Winds What is the cause of the Easterly jetstream

Answer 32

SUMMER HEATING ## Footnote * Summer heating of the Indian sub-continental, and the West African coastal regions 11

Question 33

# High Level Winds The Easterly jetstream is caused by summer heating of the Indian sub-continental, and the West African coastal regions. The surface heating is so intense it is transferred to the upper air where a marked temperature difference develops between the *UPPER or LOWER* air over land, and that over the sea

Answer 33

UPPER ## Footnote 11

Question 34

# High Level Winds The Easterly Jestream can reach speeds of over ____kts and the jet core lines approximately between ____ft and ____ft

Answer 34

1. 100 kts 2. 45,000 ft to 50,000 ft ## Footnote 11

Question 35

# High Level Winds Low jetstreams can form when there is a marked difference between the air masses at a lower height. This can occur from approximately ____ft and is usually about ____kts in speed

Answer 35

1. > 5,000 ft 2. 70 kts ## Footnote [JETSTREAM](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cBx1-jiPHoWItrrRVTI11Mz8lqArjfNV/view?usp=drive_link) 12

Question 36

# High Level Winds Low level jetstreams move *PARALLEL or VERTICAL* to the *WARM or COLD* front

Answer 36

1. PARALLEL 2. COLD FRONT ## Footnote [JETSTREAM](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cBx1-jiPHoWItrrRVTI11Mz8lqArjfNV/view?usp=drive_link) 12

Question 37

# High Level Winds A jetstream will typically be; 1. ____nm long 2. ____nm wide 3. ____ft deep

Answer 37

1. 1000 NM LONG 2. 150-200 NM WIDE 3. 12,000 ft DEEP (2 NM) ## Footnote 13

Question 38

# High Level Winds The maximum CAT occurs in the *WARMER or COLDER* air, on the *WARM or COLD* side of the core, slightly *ABOVE or BELOW* the core

Answer 38

1. WARM AIR 2. COLD AIR SIDE 3. BELOW THE CORE ## Footnote [JETSTREAM](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1c2-6h-sPdqTWerXEjssCsxkL7iKBbUR9/view?usp=drive_link) 13

Question 39

# High Level Winds The strongest wind speeds occur in the jet core. The nromal speeds in teh core of the polar jet, which are the fastest jetstream, are between ____kts and ____kts, but can reach speeds as fast as ____kts

Answer 39

1. 130 kts to 200 kts 2. 350 kts ## Footnote 13

Question 40

# High Level Winds The strongest wind speeds occur in the jet core. The nromal speeds in teh core of the polar jet, which are the fastest jetstream, are between 130 kts and 200 kts, but can reach speeds as fast as 350 kts. Speeds are the highest when the jetstream runs between a ____ and a ____, accentuating the pressure gradient

Answer 40

1. TROUGH 2. RIDGE ## Footnote 13

Question 41

# High Level Winds *"The wind vector changes rapidly over relatively short distances"* This is a definition of what type of wind effect

Answer 41

WINDSHEAR ## Footnote [JETSTREAM](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1c2-6h-sPdqTWerXEjssCsxkL7iKBbUR9/view?usp=drive_link) 13

Question 42

# High Level Winds The worst turbulence i.e. windsheer, will occur in what part of the CAT

Answer 42

IN WARM AIR ON COLD SIDE OF CORE ## Footnote [JETSTREAM](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1c2-6h-sPdqTWerXEjssCsxkL7iKBbUR9/view?usp=drive_link) 13

Question 43

# High Level Winds In a typical jetstream when windshear is encountered, the windspeed may go from ____ kts to ____ kts in ____km or ____ft vertically

Answer 43

1. 60 kts to 150 kts 2. 150 km 3. 5000 ft ## Footnote 13

Question 44

# High Level Winds What is the best way to avoid windsheer aka turbulence, in a jetstream

Answer 44

CLIMB or DESCEND ## Footnote 13

Question 45

# High Level Winds In the abscence of a modern navigation system, which includes a read out of wind and making a jet core easy to identify, a core can be found in flight by carefully monitoring what

Answer 45

OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE (OAT) ## Footnote [JETSTREAM TEMPERATURE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cEVJ2IjKozjYtUaUTekfoNXt_VbtvRaj/view?usp=drive_link) 14

Question 46

# High Level Winds The air *over* a cold sector of air is *COLDER or WARMER* than the air over a warm sector of air where the fronts meet

Answer 46

WARMER ## Footnote * The air in the cold sector would steadily decrease with altitude * Warmer air sits on top of the coler air * As you breakthrough the ceiling of the cold air sector, the temperature will increase [JETSTREAM TEMPERATURE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cEVJ2IjKozjYtUaUTekfoNXt_VbtvRaj/view?usp=drive_link) 14

Question 47

# High Level Winds 3 aircraft are flying towards the jetstream. They are in the northerm hemsiphere flying southernly, so from a cold sector to a warm sector. Aircraft 1 - is flying above the jet core (> 45,000 ft) Aircraft 2 - is flying level to the jet core (35,000 ft) Aircraft 3 - is flying below the jet core (< 25,000 ft) What would the temperature profile show for each of the aircrafts as the flew on track over, through, and below the jetstream i.e. will temperatures *INCREASE or DECREASE*

Answer 47

AIRCRAFT 1 - STEADILY DECREASE AIRCRAFT 2 - NO CHANGE AIRCRAFT 3 - STEADILY INCREASE ## Footnote **AIRCRAFT 1** * Remember that air above the cold sector is warmer than the cold sector itself as the air beneath it is compressed and the warmer air sits on top of colder air * As the aircraft flies over the jet core, the warmer column of air is taller and expanded further, meaning the air temperature over the warm column of air is actually colder than the air over the cold sector **AIRCRAFT 2** * As the aircraft flies on track, the air temperature is approximately the same so little change will be noticed * If wind speed were beign detected however, there would be a significant increase in wind speed as the core was penetrated, followed by a sudden decrease in wind speed on the other side **AIRCRAFT 3** * Remember that the colder sector of air is more compressed than the warmer sector of air. * This means that the aircraft is flying from more compressed air to less compressed air, where the air is expaneded and taller * As a result, the aircraft will fly from colder into warmer air, and the temperature will slowly increase [JETSTREAM TEMPERATURE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cEVJ2IjKozjYtUaUTekfoNXt_VbtvRaj/view?usp=drive_link) 14

Question 48

# High Level Winds What type of clouds can be associated with jetstreams when there is high level moisture present

Answer 48

CIRROFORM ## Footnote 16

Question 49

# High Level Winds Dnese jet stream cirriform clouds are most prevalent along which 2 points

Answer 49

1. MID-LATITUDE 2. POLAR JETS ## Footnote 16

Question 50

# High Level Winds What are the approximate jet stream levels; 1. Arctic ____ ft 2. Polar Front ____ ft 3. Sub-Tropical ____ft 4. Equatorial ____ft

Answer 50

1. Arctic 20,000 ft 2. Polar Front 30,000 ft 3. Sub-Tropical 40,000 ft 4. Equatorial 50,000 ft

Question 51

# High Level Winds Which jetstream blows all year around over the northerm hemisphere *ARCTIC or SUBTROPICAL or EQUATORIAL*

Answer 51

SUBTROPICAL ## Footnote * The polar front and subtropical jetstreams blow all year round