11. Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Flashcards
1
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
The type of precipitation depends on the type of CLOUD or WIND, and in particular the strenght of the UPDRAFTS or DOWNDRAFTS within the clouds
A
- CLOUDS
- UPDRAFT
1
2
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
“Fairly uniform precipitation of very find drops of water very close to one another that falls from cloud. A diameter of 0.5mm”
This is a definition of what precipitation type
A
DRIZZLE
(DZ)
1
3
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
“Drizzle where the temperature of drops is below 0℃. May freeze on impact with the ground, in-flight aircraft or other objects.”
This is a definition of what precipitation type
A
SUPERCOOLED DRIZZLE (FREEZING DRIZZLE)
(FZDZ)
1
4
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
“Precipitation of drops of water that falls from a cloud. A diameter of 0.5 to 5.8mm”
This is a definition of what precipitation type
A
RAIN
(RA)
2
5
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
“Rain where the temperature of drops is below 0℃. May freeze on impact with the ground, in-flight aircraft ot other objects”
This is a definition of what precipitation type
A
SUPERCOOLED RAIN (FREEZING RAIN)
(FZRA)
2
6
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
What is the diameter range of RAIN
A
0.5mm to 5.8mm
7
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
“Precipitation of ice crystals, singly or stuck together, that falls from a cloud. Size and concentration of crystals (grains, needles, flakes) differ according to temperature and supersaturation at which they develop. At temperatures warmer than -5℃ the crystlas generally stick together for form snowflakes”
This is a definition of what precipitation type
A
SNOW
(SN)
3
8
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Above what temperature will SNOW (SN) generally stick together to form snowflakes
A
-5℃
3
9
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
“Precipitation of very small opaque white particles of ice that falls from a cloud. These particles are faily flat or elongated. Their diameter is generally less than 1mm”
This is a definition of what precipitation type
A
SNOW GRAINS
(SG)
3
10
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
The diameter of SNOW GRAINS (SG) is generally less than what
A
1mm
3
11
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
SNOW GRAINS (SG) fall mostly from what cloud type
A
STRATUS or FOG
3
12
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
“Preiciptation of white and opaque ice particles that falls from a cloud. These particles are generally conical or rounded, and their diameter may be as large as 5mm”
This is a definition of what precipitation type
A
SNOW PELLETS
(GS)
3
13
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
SNOW PELLETS (GS) diameter may be as large as how much
A
5mm
3
14
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
SNOW GRAINS (SG) or SNOW PELLETS (GS) usually bounce when they hit the ground
A
SNOW PELLETS
(GS)
3
15
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
SNOW GRAINS (SG) or SNOW PELLETS (GS) are formed of a central nucleaus covered with frozen cloud droplets
A
SNOW PELLETS
(GS)
3
16
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
- Showers of SNOW PELLETS (GS) fall from what 2 cloud types
- Showers usually consist of snow pellets and snow flakes together and normally occur when the temperatures near the surface are close to ____℃
A
- CUMULUS
- CUMULONIMBUS
- 0℃
3
17
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
“Precipitation of particles of ice (stones). These can be either transparent, or partly or completely opaque. They are usually spherodial, conical or irregular in form, and generally 5-50mm in diameter. The particles may fall from a cloud either separately or agglomerated in irregular lumps”
This is a definition of what precipitation type
A
HAIL
(GR)
4
18
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
HAIL (GR) pellets are generally between what diameter
A
5 - 50mm
4
19
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Hail is generally observed during what weather condition
A
HEAVY THUNDERSTORM
4
20
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
SNOW PELLETS (GS) or HAIL (GR) are formed of a nucleus that may not be at their geometric center
A
HAIL
(GR)
4
21
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
An “onion skn” or layered formation of pellet is associated with what precipitation type
A
HAIL
(GR)
4
22
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
HAIL (GR) is associated with only what cloud type
A
CUMULONIMBUS
12
23
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
The density of hailstones is typically between ____g/cm^3 and ____g/cm^3
A
0.85 to 0.92 g/cm^3
24
Q
Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
“precipitation of translucent ice particles that falls from a cloud. These particles are almost always spherical and sometimes have conical tips. Their diameter may approach and even exceed 5mm”
This is a definition of what precipitation type
A
SMALL HAIL
(GS)
5
25
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Small hail always occurs in showers from what cloud type
CUMULONIMBUS
## Footnote
5
26
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
The density of small hail ranges from ____g/cm^3 to ____g/cm^3
0.8 to 0.99 g/cm^3
## Footnote
5
27
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*SNOW GRAINS (GS) or SMALL HAIL (GS)* are not easily crushable and will bounce when they hit hard ground
SMALL HAIL
(GS)
## Footnote
* Snow grains are crushable and will not bounce when they hit the ground
5
28
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"Precipitation of transparent ice particles that falls from a cloud. These particles are usually spheroidal or irregular, and rarely conical. Their diameter is less than 5mm"*
This is a definition of what precipitation type
ICE PELLETS
(PL)
## Footnote
6
29
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
ICE PELLETS (PL) generally fall from which 2 cloud types
1. ALTOSTRATUS
2. NIMBOSTRATUS
## Footnote
6
30
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
ICE PELLETS (PL) originate as raindrops or snlowflakes that fall into a subcloud layer of *WARM or COLD* air first before then fall into a *WARM or COLD* layer of air
1. WARM
2. COLD
## Footnote
* Ice pellets originate as raindrops or snlowflakes
* They fall from altostratus or nimbostratus clouds
* They fall into a subcloud layer of warm air where snowflakes melt or partially melt
* They then fall into a cold layer of air (below 0℃) where they freeze and reach the ground as frozen precipitation
6
31
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
ICE PELLETS (PL) *ARE or ARE NOT* easily crushable ad *DO or DO NOT* bounce when they hit the ground
1. ARE NOT
2. DO BOUNCE
## Footnote
6
32
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
ICE PELLET (PL) density is usually above ____g/cm^3
0.92 g/cm^3
## Footnote
6
33
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"Precipitation that falls from a clear sky in very smal ice crystlas, often so tiny that they appear to be suspended in the air"*
This is a definition of what precipitation type
ICE CRYSTALS (DIAMOND DUST)
(IC)
## Footnote
6
34
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
DIAMOND DUST (IC) can be observed in polar and alpine regions and continental interiors in *CLEAR AND CALM or CLOUDY AND WINDY* cold weather
CLEAR AND CALM
## Footnote
6
35
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
DIAMOND DUST (IC) typically forms in temperatures less than ____℃
-10℃
## Footnote
6
36
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
What type of preipitation can produce halo phenomena as they sparkle in sunlight
ICE CRYSTALS (DIAMOND DUST)
(IC)
## Footnote
6
37
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Visibility in DIAMOND DUST (IC) varies considerably, with the lower limit being greater than ____km
1 km
## Footnote
6
38
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
1. The name given to the nuclei that water vapour needs to condense onto
2. What are the 4 nuclei
1. CONDENSATION NUCLEI
2. SMOKE
3. DUST
4. ICE CRYSTAL
5. SALT CRYSTAL
## Footnote
7
39
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
If the air is extremely clean without condensation nuclei being present, it is possible for the air to go beyond 100% relative humiditiy, sometimes reaching 400%. This condition is known as what
SUPERSATURDATED
## Footnote
7
40
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Condensation can occur before saturation is reached when the nuclei (such as salt crystals) are said to be what
HYGROSCOPIC
## Footnote
7
41
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
1. Snow is precipitation in the form of ice crystals, which form above ____℃ level in cloud
2. As ice crystals fall, they are *WARMED or COOLD* by the *HIGHER or LOWER* air temperatues below
1. 0℃
2. WARMED and HIGHER
## Footnote
10
42
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
If snow has to fall through more than ____ft of air above 0℃, it will melt completely and reach the gorund as rain, which equates to ground level temperatures of about ____℃
1. 1500 ft
2. 3 to 4℃
## Footnote
10
43
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"Water-saturated snow which with a heel and toe slap down may, especially when rain, rain and snow, or snow is failling, produce substances with specific gravities in excess of 0.8"*
This is the definition of what
SLUSH
## Footnote
10
44
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"Snow which can be blown if loose or, if compacted by hand, will fall apart again upon release. Specific gravity up to but not including 0.35"*
This is the definition of what type of snow
DRY SNOW
## Footnote
11
45
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"Snow which, if compacted by hand, will stick together and tend to form a snowball. Specific gravity of 0.35 up to but not including 0.5"*
This is the definition of what type of snow
WET SNOW
## Footnote
11
46
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"Snow which has been compressed into a solid mass that resists further compression and will hold together or break into lumps if picked up. Specific gravity of 0.5 and over"*
This is the definition of what type of snow
COMPACTED SNOW
## Footnote
11
47
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
DRY SNOW has what specific gravity range
UP TO (but not including) 0.35
## Footnote
11
48
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
WET SNOW has what specific gravity range
0.35 UP TO (but not including) 0.5
## Footnote
11
49
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
COMPACTED SNOW has what specific gravity range
0.5 and OVER
## Footnote
11
50
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
In what geographical region will the largest hailstones be found
CONTINENTAL INTERIOR
## Footnote
* The largest hailstones will be found in cumulonimbus clouds over continental interiors
* Convective and orographic triggers will be stronger over land than sea
* The freezing level is so high at equatorial regions (typically 16,000 ft) hailstones do not normally reach the ground
12
51
What is the diameter of drizzle
0.5 mm
## Footnote
1
52
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
The density of SNOW PELLETS (GS) is generally low, less than ____cm^3
0.8 cm^3
## Footnote
3
53
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Hailstones large enough to cause structural damage to an aircraft can be encountered at what altitude
45,000 ft
## Footnote
13
54
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
For a thunderstorm to form, there must be a deep layer of either which 2 air masses; *STABILITY or INSTABILITY or CONDITIONAL INSTABILITY*
INSTABILITY and CONDITIONAL INSTABILITY
## Footnote
14
55
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
For a thunderstorm to form, the ELR must be *MORE or LESS* than the SALR for over 10,000 ft
MORE
## Footnote
14
56
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
What are the 3 basic forms of a thundestorm i.e. cells
1. SINGLE-CELL
2. MULTI-CELL
3. SUPER-CELL
## Footnote
14
57
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
The life cycle of a SINGLE-CELL thunderstorm can be divided into what 3 stages
[ ] DISSIPTATING STAGE
[ ] DEVELOPING STAGE
[ ] EXTREME STAGE
[ ] INTENSE STAGE
[ ] MATURE STAGE
[ ] WEAKENING STAGE
[**X**] ***DISSIPTATING STAGE***
[**X**] ***DEVELOPING STAGE***
[ ] EXTREME STAGE
[ ] INTENSE STAGE
[**X**] ***MATURE STAGE***
[ ] WEAKENING STAG
## Footnote
[LIFE CYCLE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eOdryllYYuLS9uCybWJ-SiX_MIEp53k9/view?usp=drive_link)
14
58
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
1. During a thunderstorm DEVELOPING stage, the general upward movement of updrafts is between ____fpm and ____fpm
2. The various currents of air in the DEVELOPINGstage of a thunderstorm produce what type of turbulence
3. During a thunderstorm DEVELOPING stage what type of percipitation is formed
4. How long will the thunderstorm DEVELOPING stage last
| single-cell storm
1. 3000 to 4000 fpm
2. MODERATE to SEVERE
3. NONE
4. 15-20 MIN
## Footnote
[DEVELOPING STAGE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eYkKJQIJcnJqWCCi5dZGsDTi2oMHTo8u/view?usp=drive_link)
15
59
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
1. During a thunderstorm MATURE stage, the downward movement of downdrafts is between ____fpm and ____fpm and reaching as much as ____fpm in severe storms
2. During a thunderstorm MATURE stage, the upward movement of updrafts is between ____fpm and ____fpm and reaching as much as ____fpm in extreme storms
3. During a thunderstorm MATURE stage, the thunderstorm moves in line with ____level winds, generally taken to be ____ft (____hPa) wind
4. The MATURE stage of a thunderstorm lasts ____ min
| single-cell storm
1. 3000 to 4000 fpm, up to 6000 fpm
2. 5000 to 6000 fpm, up to 10,000 fpm
3. 10,000 ft (700 hPa)
4. 30 - 40 MIN
## Footnote
[MATURE STAGE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eZTM1LVG7-XYJl4c7ZDctMkWe-qf0vQP/view?usp=drive_link)
16
60
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Downdrafts breaking out of the base of a cumulonimbus thunderstorm cloud is colder than the surrounding environmental air as it has been warming at the *SALR or DALR* during its descent within the cloud
| single-cell storm
SALR
## Footnote
[MATURE STAGE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eZTM1LVG7-XYJl4c7ZDctMkWe-qf0vQP/view?usp=drive_link)
17
61
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
The name given to precipitation associated with downdrafts where the water droplets are re-evaporated by the surrounding warmer environmental air i.e. precipitation leavnign the cloud but disappearing
| single-cell storm
VIRGA
aka fall streaks
## Footnote
[MATURE STAGE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eZTM1LVG7-XYJl4c7ZDctMkWe-qf0vQP/view?usp=drive_link)
17
62
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
What are the characteristics of a microburst;
1. ____km across
2. Lasts for up to ____min
3. Vertical downward speed of ____ft/min
| single-cell storm
1. 5 km
2. 5 min
3. 3000 to 4000 ft/min UPTO 6000 ft/min
## Footnote
[MATURE STAGE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eZTM1LVG7-XYJl4c7ZDctMkWe-qf0vQP/view?usp=drive_link)
17
63
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
1. The DISSIPATING stage of a thunderstorm typically lasts for ____hrs
2.High leve winds spread the ice crystals, giving the cloud what sort of appearance
| single-cell storm
1. 2 HOURS
2. ANVIL SHAPE
## Footnote
[DISSIPATING STAGE](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e_LQXICH0vfPBKEG0gIwMiALRJjUNApr/view?usp=drive_link)
18
64
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
During the MATURE stage of a thunderstorm, lightening can appear due to the build up of electrical potentail within the cloud. The upper cloud collects *POSITIVE or NEGATIVE* charge, and the lower collects a *POSITIVE or NEGATIVE* charge
1. UPPER; POSITIVE
2. LOWER; NEGATIVE
## Footnote
19
65
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
1. Inside of a thunderstorm cloud, lightening will be found ____ft below to ____ft above the freezing level
2. This equates to a cloud temperature range of ____℃ to ____℃
1. 5000 ft ABOVE and 5000 ft BELOW
2. +10℃ to -10℃
## Footnote
19
66
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
What hazards are associated with a thunderstorm;
[ ] FUEL IMBALANCE
[ ] SEVERE ICING
[ ] TURBULENCE
[ ] BIRD STRIKES
[ ] RADIO STATIC INTERFERENCE WITH NAV AIDS
[ ] PITOT BLOCKAGE
[ ] STATIC BLOCKAGE
[ ] DISPLACED MASS AND BALANCE
[ ] FUEL IMBALANCE
[**X**] ***SEVERE ICING***
[**X**] ***TURBULENCE***
[ ] BIRD STRIKES
[**X**] ***RADIO STATIC INTERFERENCE WITH NAV AIDS***
[**X**] ***PITOT BLOCKAGE***
[**X**] ***STATIC BLOCKAGE***
[ ] DISPLACED MASS AND BALANCE
## Footnote
19
67
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"a blue glow around the windscreen and external parts of the aircraft as a result of an electrical discharge"*
This is the definition of what phenomenon
ST ELMOS FIRE
## Footnote
19
68
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
A lightening strike carries what associated risks;
[ ] RENDER MAGNETIC COMPASSES USELESS
[ ] ENHANCE MAGNETIC COMPASSES
[ ] FLASH BLINDNESS
[ ] FLASH DEAFNESS
[ ] SHORT TERM DISORIENTATION
[ ] LONG TERM DISORIENTATION
[ ] DAMAGE UN-SHIELDED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
[ ] DAMAGE SHIELDED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
[**X**] ***RENDER MAGNETIC COMPASSES USELESS***
[ ] ENHANCE MAGNETIC COMPASSES
[**X**] ***FLASH BLINDNESS***
[ ] FLASH DEAFNESS
[**X**] ***SHORT TERM DISORIENTATION***
[ ] LONG TERM DISORIENTATION
[**X**] ***DAMAGE UN-SHIELDED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT***
[ ] DAMAGE SHIELDED ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
## Footnote
19
69
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"in dry stable/moist unstable conditions (conditional instability) air can be forced to ris over an obstacle (hill or mountain), until condensation level is reached. Afterwards, the moist unstable air will continue to ris on its own and thunderstorm clouds can form"*
This is the definition of what sort of thunderstorm
OROGRAPHIC THUNDERSTORM
## Footnote
20
70
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"forms when air in this layer is unstable and above lying layers are cooling (advection). The base of clouds is relatively high at 10,000 ft. Not caused by warm air rising from the surface and can occur at any time night or day"*
This is the definition of what sort of thunderstorm
MEDIUM ALTITUDE THUNDERSTORM
## Footnote
20
71
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
What is the name given to a cloud type that is associated with a medium altitude thunderstorm and derives its name from a similar appearance to a castle turret
ALTOCUMULUS CASTELLANUS
## Footnote
[CASTELLANUS](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1e_TvwreHSZ7UTkqSCVp74sDo7vL4jaP0/view?usp=drive_link)
20
72
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Single-cell isolated thunderstorms are relativel rare. It is more usual for several single-cell thunderstorms to form together in clusters several kilmeters across, or in lines. This is known as what
SQUALLS
## Footnote
* this is the definition of multi-cell thunderstorms
21
73
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Squall line thunderstorms may exist as active storms for several hours and will give *MODERATE or SEVERE* flying conditions
SEVERE
## Footnote
21
74
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
1. To create a SUPER-CELL thunderstorm, there must be a good supply of *WARM or COLD* moist air at *HIGH or LOW* levels
2. What else must be happening with wind aloft, which gives a super-cell thunderstorm cloud a tilting appearance
1. WARM MOIST at LOW LEVELS
2. CHANGING DIRECTION and STRENGTH
## Footnote
[SUPER-CELL](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1emqEOgPrpLSvnqei8HZhrkOCkBygJgSH/view?usp=drive_link)
22
75
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
In a SUPER-CELL thunderstorm, what can be said about the updraft and downdraft as a result of the CB clouds tilt
EXIST SIDE BY SIDE
## Footnote
* Updraft and downdraft are no longer on the same axis, they exist side by side
* Convection continues without restriction
* The central core is isolated from cold, dry environmental air, so reaches high vertical speeds
[SUPER-CELL](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1emqEOgPrpLSvnqei8HZhrkOCkBygJgSH/view?usp=drive_link)
23
76
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
SUPER-CELL thunderstorms CAN or CANNOT breach through the tropopause
CAN
## Footnote
[SUPER-CELL](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1emqEOgPrpLSvnqei8HZhrkOCkBygJgSH/view?usp=drive_link)
23
77
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
What geographic location will super-cell thunderstorms most frequently occur
BOUNDARY BETEWEEN SUB-TROPICAL and POLAR AIR
## Footnote
* American Mid-West
[SUPER-CELL](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1emqEOgPrpLSvnqei8HZhrkOCkBygJgSH/view?usp=drive_link)
23
78
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
A SUPER-CELL thunderstorm can last for ____hours
SEVERAL HOURS
## Footnote
[SUPER-CELL](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1emqEOgPrpLSvnqei8HZhrkOCkBygJgSH/view?usp=drive_link)
23
79
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
In a SUPER-CELL thunderstorm, what 3 behaviours/paths can be exhibited with hail
1. FLUNG ALOFT INTO ANVIL
2. FALL AS GENERAL PRECIPITATION
3. RE-CIRCULATED IN UPDRAFT
## Footnote
[SUPER-CELL](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1emqEOgPrpLSvnqei8HZhrkOCkBygJgSH/view?usp=drive_link)
24
80
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
A gust front under a SUPER-CELL thunderstorm is produced how
COLD DOWNDRAFT FORCED UNDER WARM AIR AT SURFACE
## Footnote
* Intese downdraft force cold air under warm air at the surface
* This produces serve gusts at low levels
* Low level wind shear at the gust front
[SUPER-CELL](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1emqEOgPrpLSvnqei8HZhrkOCkBygJgSH/view?usp=drive_link)
24
81
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
1. SUPER-CELL storms move at an angle to the ____ level wind and at a different speed;
2. ____° to the right and *FASTER or SLOWER* or;
3. ____° to the left and *FASTER or SLOWER*
1. MEDIUM LEVEL WIND
2. 20° RIGHT, SLOWER
3. 20° LEFT, FASTER
## Footnote
24
82
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
In the Northern Hemisphere, which type of SUPER-CELL thunderstorm is more common;
20° to the right and slower or 20° to the left and faster
20° to the right and slower
## Footnote
24
83
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"Air is pushed upwards by the undercutting cold air. When air is moist and unstable, thunder clouds can form. Occur mainly in summer and thunder cells are often lined up adjacent to each other"*
This is the definition of what sort of thunderstorm
FRONTAL THUNDERSTORM
## Footnote
25
84
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
In a FRONTAL thunderstorm, a line of thunder cells may form in the *WARM or COLD* sector
WARM SECTOR
## Footnote
* The warm sector thunder cells can be stronger than thunder cells in the clod front sector
[FRONTAL THUNDERSTORM](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eqmye8FPWPUb3ObSsl5KFUo2wEhxZB9A/view?usp=drive_link)
25
85
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
In a FRONTAL thunderstorm, within the cold air sector about a hundred kilometers behind the cold front, it is possible for a zone of sharply deformed isobars to develop. This leads to a formation of an area of low pressure known as what
TROUGH
## Footnote
25
86
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Within the cold air sector about a hundred kilometers behind the cold front, it is possible for a zone of sharply deformed isobars to develop called a trough. It is possible for what 2 weather phenomena to form in this area
1. THUNDERSTORMS
2. TORNADOES
## Footnote
25
87
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Thunderstorms forming on a warm front are typically associated with which geographic region
MEDITERRANEAN
## Footnote
* Extensive amount of cloud and thunder clouds are very difficult to see
* Often embedded CB clouds
25
88
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
TROPICAL thunderstorms can reach altitudes of ____ft to ____ft, in extreme cases reaching ____ft
1. 40,000 to 60,000 ft
2. 75,000 ft
## Footnote
26
89
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
For what reason do TROPICAL thunderstorms carry more energy than temperate latitude thunderstorms
SATURDATED AIR
## Footnote
* Saturated air entering at the bottom of the storm can carry twice the weight of water vapour as in temperate latitude storms
26
90
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
91
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
92
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
93
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
What are the recommended turbulence avoidance limits associated with thunderstorms;
* Visual flight - avoid by ____nm
*With weather radar, avoid echos by;*
* Between 0 to FL250; by ____NM
* Between FL250 to FL300; by ____NM
* Over FL300; by ____NM
* In both cases, clear tops by at least ____ft
* Visual flight - avoid by **10 nm**
*With weather radar, avoid echos by;*
* Between 0 to FL250; by **10 nm**
* Between FL250 to FL300; by **15 nm**
* Over FL300; by **20 nm**
* In both cases, clear tops by at least **5000 ft**
## Footnote
* *NOTE* weathe radar echoes show the core of the cloud, not the edge
* This is why the avoidance limits are greater with weather echos
27
94
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Tornades can exhibit wind speeds that exceed ____kts
200 KTS
## Footnote
28
95
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
The average path length of a tornado is ____ miles (____km)
5 MILES (8 KM)
## Footnote
28
96
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
1. The diameter of a tornado can vary from ____m to ____km
2. Tornadoes are usually a diameter of less than ____m
1. 90 m to 1.6 km
2. 150 m
## Footnote
28
97
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
Tornados are commonly found in the ____ of the USA but can occur in Europe and other locations where there is strong *STABILITY or INSTABILITY* and *CONVECTIVE or CONDUCTIVE* activity
1. CENTRAL PLAINS
2. INSTABILITY
3. CONVECTIVE
## Footnote
29
98
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
The measurement of a Tornado is based on the enhanced ____ scale, with how many categories
1. FUJITA SCAL
2. 6 CATEGORIES (0 to 5)
## Footnote
29
99
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"involves a vertically orientated rotating column of wind that form under sunny conditions during fair weather"*
This is the definition of what sort of weather phenomenon
DUST DEVIL
## Footnote
30
100
# Precipitation, Thunderstorms and Tornadoes
*"involves a vertically orientated rotating column of wind that forms over sea"*
This is the definition of what sort of weather phenomenon
WATER SPOUT
## Footnote
30
