22 - Speech Production in the Hearing Impaired

Question 1

True or False: prelingual deaf individuals often have significant speech impairment

Answer 1

True

Question 2

There is a significant ____ (positive/negative) relationship between severity of hearing loss and speech intelligibility scores

Answer 2

Negative

Question 3

Name 3 factors that may influence intelligibility

Answer 3

• hearing level
• speech recognition
• age of identification
• aid or not
• type of aid (hearing aid vs cochlear implant)
• type of training (oral vs total)
• how hearing level measured
• how intelligibility measured

Question 4

What are 2 of the 5 common patterns of errors (production characteristics)in deaf speech?

Answer 4

• respiratory impairments
• laryngeal impairments
• resonance
• segmental errors (consonant/vowel errors)
• suprasegmental errors

Question 5

Name 1 of the 3 common respiratory impairments in deaf speech

Answer 5

• start speech on low lung volumes
• use a restricted lung volume range (shorter breath groups, inappropriate pauses)
• speak into abnormally low lung volume levels

Question 6

What are the 3 common types of laryngeal impairments in deaf speech?

Answer 6

• voice quality (hoarseness, jitter)
• fundamental frequency (abnormally high)
• speech intensity (judging appropriate levels)

Question 7

What are the 2 common types of resonance impairments seen in deaf speech?

Answer 7

• cul-de-sac resonance (pharyngeal resonance)

- nasality (abnormal amounts of vowel nasalization, improper nasalization of nasal or non-nasal Cs)

Question 8

Which vowel areas of the mouth tend to produce the most errors in deaf speech?

Answer 8

High-front

Question 9

What does “neutralization” refer to in deaf speech?

Answer 9

Substitutions towards more central vowels

- it is as if most vowels are drifting towards an indifferentiated central or neutral vowel / /

Question 10

Name 2 of the 4 other vowel errors besides the “high-front” and “neutralization” errors, seen in deaf speech

Answer 10

• vowel prolongations (slower speech)
• dipthongization
• diphthongs can be reduced and are produced with a great deal of variability
• nasalization

Question 11

Name 2 of the 4 common types of consonant errors seen in deaf speech

Answer 11

• omissions
• distortions/substitutions of fricatives and affricates
• voicing errors
• glottalization

Question 12

Which type of consonant omission is the most frequent in deaf speech?

Answer 12

Final C omissions

Question 13

Manner errors predominate over _____ errors (regarding consonant errors in deaf speech)

Answer 13

Place errors

Question 14

True or False: voicing errors are observed for most plosives and fricatives in deaf speech

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Name 1 of the 2 glottalization errors often seen in deaf speech

Answer 15

• substitution of a glottal stop for a stop, fricative, or affricate
• substitution of a glottal fricative /h/ for a stop, fricative, or affricate (ie. /k/ and /g/ often substituted by /h/)

Question 16

Name the 3 types of suprasegmental errors seen in deaf speech

Answer 16

• slow rate
• inappropriate F0 and Intensity variation
• equalization of stress patterns

Question 17

True or False: The study by Osberger and Levitt supports the importance of rate therapy on deaf intelligibility

Answer 17

False - synthetic corrections of vowel length and pauses did little to improve intelligibility