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CSD9615 > 06 - Phonation II > Flashcards

06 - Phonation II Flashcards

Vocal Acoustics

1
Q

Opening and closing of the vocal folds during phonation results in the generation of ____ (simple/complex) periodic sound with a certain _____ frequency

A

Generation of COMPLEX periodic sound with a certain FUNDAMENTAL frequency

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2
Q

Fundamental frequency can be measured directly from the speech _________

A

Waveform

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3
Q

What would an amplitude versus time display for /a/ show?

A

A complex periodic waveform

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4
Q

How do we measure the period of the /a/ waveform? (ie. where would we measure?)

A

Peak-to-peak measurement (duration of a single cycle)

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5
Q

Period is _______ (proportional/inversely related) to frequency

A

Inversely related

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6
Q

If we determined the period was 10 ms, what would be the frequency?

A

(1 cycle/10 ms) x (1000ms/second) = 100 Hz

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7
Q

Since hand calculations are very time consuming, especially when measuring F0 across several seconds of speech, what program(s) could we use instead?

A

Visipitch or other voice analysis programs

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8
Q

How do voice analysis programs measure pitch periods? Are they 100% accurate?

A

Algorithms may use peak detection or zero crossing methods, autocorrelation, or pattern matching procedures

No program or algorithm is 100% accurate (esp. with abnormal voices)

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9
Q

How can visualization of the pitch periods calculated by programs be useful?

A

To evaluate the accuracy of the automatic pitch tracking

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10
Q

How might we use selected hand calculations of the pitch in association with computer algorithms?

A

Can use hand calculations to verify the computer’s automatic results

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11
Q

What is Visipitch, and what is it useful for?

A

Visipitch is a commonly used pitch measurement system.

It is useful for continuous real-time display of pitch and intensity, and for rapid measures and auditory feedback training

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12
Q

What are 3 Fundamental Frequency (F0) Measures?

A

Average F0
Frequency variability
Maximum Phonational Frequency Range (MPFR)

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13
Q

What is another name for “Average Fundamental Frequency” and how do we find calculate it?

A

Also referred to as Speaking F0

F0 is averaged over the duration of a speech task or sample of connected speech

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14
Q

What two factors must we consider when assessing and interpreting F0?

A 
Age and Gender
Infants: 350-500 Hz
Children: 270-300 Hz
Young Women: 220 Hz
Older Women: 180 Hz
Older Men: 140 Hz
Young Men: 120 Hz
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15
Q

What is the average F0 for Young Men? Are older men higher or lower? Older women?

A

120 Hz
Older men are higher
Young women are higher than older women, who are still higher than men

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16
Q

Name 3 things that may contribute to prosody (patterns of stress and intonation) and F0 variability?

A

Emotion
Stress or accent on syllables
Grammatical forms

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17
Q

How might F0 variability indicate a voice problem?

A

Too much or too little F0 variability may sound abnormal and indicate a voice problem

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18
Q

What does F0SD stand for?

A

F0 (Fundamental frequency) Standard Deviation

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19
Q

What does F0SD a measure of?

A

F0 variability

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20
Q

What is F0SD for normal conversation?

A

20-35 Hz

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21
Q

The difference between the highest and lowest F0 in a sample of connected speech is called______?

A

F0 Range

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22
Q

Which gender generally has a greater F0 Range?

A

Females:
Young male = 65 Hz
Young female = 95 Hz

Increases with old age
Infants have the greatest range (1200 Hz)

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23
Q

What does “monopitch” refer to?

A

Significantly reduced F0 range (associated with certain voice disorders)

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24
Q

During prolonged vowels /a/, the F0 and SDF0 should be very _____ (high/low)

A

Low: 3-6 Hz

Higher values indicate problems with pitch control

25
Q

What doe MPFR refer to?

A

Maximum Phonational Frequency Range

26
Q

MPFR is obtained while producing _______ or gliding tones

A

Stepping

27
Q

The MPFR ranges from the ____ to the ______ tone that a person can sustain

A

Lowest to Highest

28
Q

What is the average MPFR of adult males?

A

80-700 Hz (about a 600 Hz range)
Adult females: 135-1000 Hz (~850 Hz range)

Trained singers will have a wider range
Voice disorders associated with much narrower range

29
Q

What is speech amplitude largely determined by?

A

The amplitude of sound that is created by phonation

*Speech and voice amplitude are roughly equivalent

30
Q

What is speech/vocal amplitude measured in?

A

Decibels

31
Q

Vocal amplitude must be referenced and calibrated using an accurate sound level meter placed ________

A

At a specified distance from the talker’s mouth (6-12 inches)

32
Q

What two things is the average vocal amplitude level largely dependent on?

A 
Speech activity
Speaking context (eg. soft conversation, classroom, etc)
33
Q

How is average vocal amplitude measured?

A

By taking the average value over the duration of a speech sample

34
Q

What is the normal average conversation level in dB SPL?

A

68-70 dB SPL at 12 inches

35
Q

Do age and gender have a large or small effect on average amplitude level?

A

Small effect

  • children generally lower than adults
  • women slightly less than men
  • old=young
36
Q

What are two ways we can determine the average amplitude level?

A

Measure amplitude by hand from the peaks in the speech waveform

Use computer programs (e.g. Visipitch) which give real-time continuous amplitude contours

37
Q

_______ (reduced/increased) vocal amplitude can be an important indication of a voice disorder

A

Reduced

38
Q

What are 3 measures of Vocal Amplitude or Intensity?

A

Average Amplitude Level
Amplitude Variability
Dynamic Range

39
Q

Why might speech amplitude vary?

A

Emotions
Stress or accent on syllables
Grammatical forms

40
Q

What are 2 measures of Speech Amplitude Variability?

A

SD of A (Standard Deviation of Amplitude)

Range of Amplitude

41
Q

What is the normal SD of A value?

A

10 dB SPL

42
Q

Voice disorders may show ____ (reduced/increased) range and SD of A

A

Reduced (monoloudness)

43
Q

What does dynamic range refer to?

A

The softest phonation to maximum loudness of phonation (~50-115 dB SPL, which is a 65 dB range)

44
Q

We might be concerned if the Dynamic Range is less than ____ dB in the mid range of F0

A

Less than 30 dB in the mid range of F0

45
Q

What is the Voice Range Profile or Phonetogram? What should it show?

A

Dynamic amplitude plotted across F0 range

Should be wide in the mid range, but narrows at endpoints
-slight dip in range at point where we switch to falsetto (M:390 Hz, F: 440Hz)

46
Q

What are cycle-to-cycle variations in F0 and Amplitude referred to as?

A

Frequency perturbation

Amplitude perturbation

47
Q

What do frequency and amplitude perturbations estimate?

A

The average variation in each adjacent cycle of vocal fold vibration

48
Q

What is the average cycle-to-cycle variation in the time (period) of vibration called?

A

Jitter

49
Q

What does “shimmer” refer to?

A

The average cycle-to-cycle variation in the amplitude of vibration

50
Q

What are normal jitter values?

A

<1% of F0

or <0.1 ms (expressed as absolute time)

51
Q

What are normal shimmer values?

A

0.5 dB

52
Q

“Signal to Noise Ratio” is also referred to as____?

A

Harmonics to Noise Ratio

53
Q

What is the “Signal-to-Noise Ratio”?

A

The amplitude of the speech signal at the specific frequency of F0 divided by the amplitude of other non-F0 frequencies (excluding the harmonics)

54
Q

When calculating the signal to noise ratio, the non-F0 frequencies are considered to be _____ (noise/signal)

A

Noise (i.e. like the frequencies produced during a whispered /a/ instead of a voiced /a/)

55
Q

A normal voice will have a relatively _____(small/large) amplitude of noise frequencies relative to the F0 signal frequency

A

Small

56
Q

Higher signal/noise (S/N) is associated with a _____ (poor/normal) voice

A

Normal

57
Q

Lower signal/noise (S/N) is associated with a _____(poor/normal) voice

A

Poor

58
Q

What are normal S/N values?

A

15-20 dB

Below 15 dB may indicate a voice problem

CSD9615 (22 decks)

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