01 - Respiratory System

Question 1

What are the 2 primary muscles of inspiration?

Answer 1

Diaphragm

External Intercostals

Question 2

What are the primary muscles of expiration?

Answer 2

Abdominal Muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominal)

Internal Intercostals

Question 3

What are the secondary muscles of respiration?

Answer 3

Neck muscles (scalenes, sternocleidomastoid)

Thorax muscles (costal levators, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus unterior, serratus posterior (inferior and superior), subclavius, subcostals, transverse thoracic)

Question 4

What muscle is primarily responsible for quiet rest breathing?

Answer 4

Diaphragm

Question 5

What is the average rate of rest breathing for an adult?

Answer 5

12-18 breaths per minute

Question 6

Does your rate of rest breathing increase or decrease with age?

Answer 6

Decrease (infants = 40-70 BPM, children = 18-25 BPM)

Question 7

Do you spend more time exhaling or inhaling?

Answer 7

Exhaling (Inhale/exhale time = 40/60%)

Question 8

During rest breathing, what predominates: nose breathing or mouth breathing?

Answer 8

Nose breathing

Question 9

With rest breathing, what predominates: abdominal movements or rib cage movements?

Answer 9

Abdominal (diaphragm)

Question 10

Rest breathing uses what % of your total respiratory range (vital capacity)?

Answer 10

10%

Question 11

Where in your total respiratory range, does your rest breathing take place?

Answer 11

40-50%

Question 12

What is “tidal volume” (TV)?

Answer 12

The volume of air that someone breathes in and out during a cycle of respiration

Question 13

Does TV vary with physical activity?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

What type of equipment do we use to find respiratory volumes?

Answer 14

A wet spirometer

Question 15

What is the TV for quiet rest breathing in a typical adult male?
Is it larger or smaller than that of a typical adult female?
Does is increase or decrease with age?

Answer 15

600-750 cc (or mL)
Larger than that of female (450 cc)
Increases with age (7 yr old = 200 cc)

Question 16

What can we use as a rough estimate of maximum respiratory volume?
What might cause these values to be inflated?

Answer 16

Maximum Phonation Time (MPT)

High laryngeal resistance may inflate MPT values

Question 17

When measuring MPT, what is the typical length of time that a young adult male can say /a/ (at normal loudness)?

Answer 17

28 seconds (22-35)

Question 18

Do women typically have a longer or shorter MPT than men?

Answer 18

Shorter (23 seconds vs 28 seconds)

Question 19

Does MPT usually increase or decrease as we become elderly?

Answer 19

Decrease

Question 20

Maximum /s/ durations remove the _____ component, and appear to be comparable to MPT in normals

Answer 20

Laryngeal

20-30 sec for young adults; 14-20 seconds for older adults

Question 21

What equipment do we use to measure Vital Capacity (VC)?

Answer 21

Wet spirometer

Question 22

What is “vital capacity”(VC)?

Answer 22

The volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation; the total volume of air available

Question 23

The VC is made up of what 3 volumes?

Answer 23

Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Tidal Volume

Question 24

What is the typical VC for young adults? Are children’s VC’s larger or smaller?

Answer 24

5000-5300 cc

Smaller

Question 25

Does VC increase or decrease for older adults, and by what percent?

Answer 25

Decreases by about 10-20%

Question 26

What is IRV?

Answer 26

Inspiratory Reserve Volume - volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

Question 27

What is ERV?

Answer 27

Expiratory Reserve Volume - volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume

Question 28

What is RV?

Answer 28

Residual Volume - volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration and that cannot be voluntarily expelled
- approximately 1000-1500 cc in adults

Question 29

What is FRC?

Answer 29

Functional Residual Capacity

= ERV + RV

Question 30

What is TLC?

Answer 30

Total Lung Capacity: total amount lungs can hold

= TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Question 31

What is the normal adult speech breathing volume (% of VC)?

Answer 31

20-25% of VC

Loud speech = 40% of VC

Question 32

What is the normal children’s % of VC used for speech?

Answer 32

35%

Question 33

Life breathing generally uses _____ (nose or mouth) breathing, and speech breathing usually uses _____ (nose or mouth) breathing

Answer 33

Life = nose
Speech = mouth

Question 34

Which type of breathing has a greater difference in the amount of time spent for inhaling compared to exhaling: life or speech?

Answer 34

Speech breathing shows a greater difference
Life = 40% inhalation/60% exhalation
Speech = 10% inhalation/90% exhalation

Question 35

Life breathing uses about ____% of VC, whereas Speech breathing uses ~ ____% of VC

Answer 35

Life: 10%

Speech 20-25%

Question 36

During Life breathing, muscles for exhalation are ____ (passive/active)

Answer 36

Passive - muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax

Question 37

During Speech breathing, muscles for exhalation are _____ (passive/active)

Answer 37

Active - muscles of thorax and abdomen contract to control recoil of the rib cage and diaphragm

Question 38

What is the average breath group lengths (words) for adults (words per breath)?

Answer 38

7-10 words per breath (can range up to +20)

Question 39

What is one other consideration when calculating breath group length?

Answer 39

Duration

Location - relates to the grammatical acceptability of breath group pauses