01 - Respiratory System Flashcards
Respiratory Volumes
What are the 2 primary muscles of inspiration?
Diaphragm
External Intercostals
What are the primary muscles of expiration?
Abdominal Muscles (rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominal)
Internal Intercostals
What are the secondary muscles of respiration?
Neck muscles (scalenes, sternocleidomastoid)
Thorax muscles (costal levators, pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus unterior, serratus posterior (inferior and superior), subclavius, subcostals, transverse thoracic)
What muscle is primarily responsible for quiet rest breathing?
Diaphragm
What is the average rate of rest breathing for an adult?
12-18 breaths per minute
Does your rate of rest breathing increase or decrease with age?
Decrease (infants = 40-70 BPM, children = 18-25 BPM)
Do you spend more time exhaling or inhaling?
Exhaling (Inhale/exhale time = 40/60%)
During rest breathing, what predominates: nose breathing or mouth breathing?
Nose breathing
With rest breathing, what predominates: abdominal movements or rib cage movements?
Abdominal (diaphragm)
Rest breathing uses what % of your total respiratory range (vital capacity)?
10%
Where in your total respiratory range, does your rest breathing take place?
40-50%
What is “tidal volume” (TV)?
The volume of air that someone breathes in and out during a cycle of respiration
Does TV vary with physical activity?
Yes
What type of equipment do we use to find respiratory volumes?
A wet spirometer
What is the TV for quiet rest breathing in a typical adult male?
Is it larger or smaller than that of a typical adult female?
Does is increase or decrease with age?
600-750 cc (or mL)
Larger than that of female (450 cc)
Increases with age (7 yr old = 200 cc)
What can we use as a rough estimate of maximum respiratory volume?
What might cause these values to be inflated?
Maximum Phonation Time (MPT)
High laryngeal resistance may inflate MPT values
When measuring MPT, what is the typical length of time that a young adult male can say /a/ (at normal loudness)?
28 seconds (22-35)
Do women typically have a longer or shorter MPT than men?
Shorter (23 seconds vs 28 seconds)
Does MPT usually increase or decrease as we become elderly?
Decrease
Maximum /s/ durations remove the _____ component, and appear to be comparable to MPT in normals
Laryngeal
20-30 sec for young adults; 14-20 seconds for older adults
What equipment do we use to measure Vital Capacity (VC)?
Wet spirometer
What is “vital capacity”(VC)?
The volume of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation; the total volume of air available
The VC is made up of what 3 volumes?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Tidal Volume
What is the typical VC for young adults? Are children’s VC’s larger or smaller?
5000-5300 cc
Smaller
Does VC increase or decrease for older adults, and by what percent?
Decreases by about 10-20%
What is IRV?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume - volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume
What is ERV?
Expiratory Reserve Volume - volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume
What is RV?
Residual Volume - volume of air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration and that cannot be voluntarily expelled
- approximately 1000-1500 cc in adults
What is FRC?
Functional Residual Capacity
= ERV + RV
What is TLC?
Total Lung Capacity: total amount lungs can hold
= TV + IRV + ERV + RV
What is the normal adult speech breathing volume (% of VC)?
20-25% of VC
Loud speech = 40% of VC
What is the normal children’s % of VC used for speech?
35%
Life breathing generally uses _____ (nose or mouth) breathing, and speech breathing usually uses _____ (nose or mouth) breathing
Life = nose Speech = mouth
Which type of breathing has a greater difference in the amount of time spent for inhaling compared to exhaling: life or speech?
Speech breathing shows a greater difference
Life = 40% inhalation/60% exhalation
Speech = 10% inhalation/90% exhalation
Life breathing uses about ____% of VC, whereas Speech breathing uses ~ ____% of VC
Life: 10%
Speech 20-25%
During Life breathing, muscles for exhalation are ____ (passive/active)
Passive - muscles of thorax and diaphragm relax
During Speech breathing, muscles for exhalation are _____ (passive/active)
Active - muscles of thorax and abdomen contract to control recoil of the rib cage and diaphragm
What is the average breath group lengths (words) for adults (words per breath)?
7-10 words per breath (can range up to +20)
What is one other consideration when calculating breath group length?
Duration
Location - relates to the grammatical acceptability of breath group pauses
