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CSD9615 > 02 - Respiratory II & III > Flashcards

02 - Respiratory II & III Flashcards

Air Pressure Chest Wall Shape and Movements

1
Q

Volume is one way of measuring respiratory function. What are 3 other things we can measure?

A

Air Pressure
Airflow
Chest wall shape and movement

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2
Q

What is respiratory air pressure, and what units is it measured in?

A

The forces generated by the respiratory process
-includes speech pressures (Palv, Ps, Ptrach, Poral, Pnasal)

Measured in cmH2O (centimeters of water)

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3
Q

Air Pressure reflects the _____ for speech

A

Power Supply

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4
Q

What is Palv?

A

Alveolar pressure - the pressure inside the lungs

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5
Q

What is Ps?

A

Subglottal pressure - the pressure below the vocal folds

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6
Q

What is Ptrach?

A

Tracheal pressure - the pressure below the vocal folds and inside the trachea

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7
Q

What is Poral?

A

Oral pressure - the pressure inside the mouth

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8
Q

What is Pnasal?

A

Nasal pressure - the pressure inside the nasal cavities

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9
Q

When are the oral, subglottal, tracheal, and alveolar pressures all equal (i.e. what conditions must be met)?

A

When:

  • the nose is plugged or velum elevated
  • the vocal folds are open
  • the mouth is closed
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10
Q

What is one device that can be used to measure pressure?

A

Manometer (u-tube or pressure gauge)

Air Pressure Transducer

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11
Q

What is the manometer useful for, and what is it not suitable for?

A

Useful for slow, continuous (static) pressures, like determining if a patient can hold a given pressure for a length of time

Not suitable for measuring most rapid dynamic speech pressures

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12
Q

In patients with neurological damage, what rule has been found useful for estimating their ability to demonstrate the minimal air pressure requirements for speech?

A

The ‘5cmH2O for 5 seconds” rule

Can also be completed using a straw in a glass

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13
Q

When using a(n) _______, pressure creates a continuous electrical signal for display on an oscilloscope or computer

A

Air Pressure Transducer

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14
Q

Which device for pressure measurement involves a tube being placed on the end of the device and inserted into the mouth?

A

Air Pressure Transducer

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15
Q

Which device uses a u-tube or pressure gauge?

A

Manometer

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16
Q

Pressure obtained during /p/ in continuous speech provides an estimate of what pressure?

A

Speech Subglottal Pressures

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17
Q

What is the range of pressure (in cmH2O) necessary for conversational speech?

A

5-10 cmH2O

18
Q

Air pressure and speech loudness are ______ (proportional/inversely proportional

A

Proportional - pressure increases fairly consistently with speech loudness (e.g. double air pressure and see 8-9 dB increase in loudness)

19
Q

When loudness is kept constant, the intraoral (subglottal) pressure _______ (remains consistent, is elevated, decreases)

A

Remains consistent

20
Q

Put the following populations in order, from lowest to highest, for average maximum effort air pressures:
children, young males, older females, older males, young females

A 
Children: 35-50 cmH2O
Older Female: 87 cmH2O
Young Female: 121 cmH2O
Older Male: 123 cmH2O
Young Male: 166 cmH2O
21
Q

What is the average maximum effort air pressure that young males are capable of?

A

166 cmH2O

22
Q

What speech sounds have the highest intraoral air pressure:

voiced plosives, voiceless plosives, voiced fricatives, voiceless fricatives, glides/liquids, or nasals?

A

Voiceless plosives: 5-7 cmH2O

23
Q

What speech sounds have the lowest intraoral air pressure:

voiced plosives, voiceless plosives, voiced fricatives, voiceless fricatives, glides/liquids, or nasals?

A

Nasals: 0.2 - 0.4

24
Q

What is airflow? What are its units?

A

Change in volume of air over a certain period of time (also referred to as “volume velocity”

ml/sec (also ml/min & l/sec)

25
Q

Name one of the two devices used to measure airflow

A

Rotameter

Pneumotachograph

26
Q

Describe how a rotameter works

A

The amount of airflow blown into the base of the tube causes the ball inside to rise to different calibrated heights

27
Q

What is a rotameter used to measure?

A

Continuous static airflow (NOT rapid dynamic airflows found in continuous speech)

28
Q

Describe how a pneumotachograph works

A

It is an air flow transducer which provides a continuous electrical signal for oscilloscopic display or a computer, and is based on a change in pressure across a constant resistance
-a pressure transducer is located on either side of a face mask, with a small wire mesh of a known resistance to flow

Flow = (pressure 1 - pressure 2)/resistance

29
Q

Average air flow during conversation is largely related to the air flow during _______ (consonants/vowels)

A

Vowels

adult average air flow in conversation= 160-170 ml/sec

30
Q

What is the average air flow during a prolonged /a/ for men? Are women higher or lower?

A

112 ml/sec (women are lower at 94 ml/sec)

31
Q

What type of consonants produce the highest air flows, and what is the value?

A

Voiceless stops /ptk/ = 900 ml/sec

32
Q

What type of consonants produce the lowest air flows, and what is the value?

A

Glides/Liquids = 100-150

33
Q

What measures are used to estimate laryngeal resistance?

A

Oral air pressure and oral air flow

34
Q

What is the formula for resistance?

A

Resistance = Pressure / flow

Ohm’s Law

35
Q

If we measured peak air pressure of /p/ and airflow during /i/ to find values of 5 cmH2O and 140 ml/sec, what would our laryngeal resistance be?

A 
Resistance = pressure/flow
Resistance = 5 cm H2O / 0.14 L/sec
Resistance = 35.7 cmH2O/L/sec

Average normal adult laryngeal resistance = 35 cmH2O/L/sec

36
Q

Do breathy voices have a higher or lower laryngeal resistance?

A

Lower (20)
Airflow = 250 mL/sec (as opposed to 170 ml/sec), so larger denominator = smaller resistance value
(Resistance = pressure/flow)

37
Q

Do strained voices have a higher or lower laryngeal resistance?

A

Higher (60)
Airflow = 83 mL/sec (as opposed to 170 ml/sec), so smaller denominator = larger resistance value
(Resistance = pressure/flow)

38
Q

Lung volume changes are related to the movements of which 2 components of the chest wall?

A

Rib cage movements

Abdomen movements

39
Q

Measurements of the changes in diameter of the rib cage and abdomen during breathing will accurately measure changes in _______

A

Total lung volume

40
Q

Name one way that we can measure RC (rib cage) and ABD (abdomen) movements

A

Inductive Plethysmography
Respitrace Instrument
- 2 coiled wires wrap around RC and ABD
- diameter changes of the coiled wires cause changes in the inductance (electromagnetic levels)
RC and ABD is continuously obtained as an electrical signal

Magnetometer

  • pairs of transmitter and receiver magnetic coils are placed on the front and back of the RC and ABD
  • changes in RC and ABD diameter cause changes in the magnetic forces between the coils, and this is detected as a continuous electrical signal
41
Q

How are chest wall movement displayed (describe the graph)?

A

ABD movements on x-axis and RC movements on y-axis

  • measure start, end, and total volumes for RC and ABD
  • can see patterns of movement (smooth vs variable, paradoxical vs parallel)
42
Q

Ideally, our Chest Wall Display should show ABD movements _____ (increasing/decreasing) as RC movements decrease

A

Increasing

CSD9615 (22 decks)

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