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csd9615 > 15 - Acoustics - Fricatives, Affricates, Nasal, Glides > Flashcards

15 - Acoustics - Fricatives, Affricates, Nasal, Glides Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 places of articulation for fricatives?

A 
Labiodental (f, v)
Linguadental (theta,   )
Lingua-alveolar (s, z)
Linguapalatal (...
Glottal (h)
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2
Q

What are the 3 sound characteristics that we can use to define and describe them?

A

Duration
Amplitude
Frequency

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3
Q

Regarding fricatives, what are 2 of the 4 effects that we need to consider?

A

Context Effects
Manner Effects
Place Effects
Voicing Effects

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4
Q

How does context affect the duration for a fricative, like /s/?

A

Can range from 50-200 msec
ie. 50 for /s/ at beginning of word (str, spl, spr…)
200 msec for final /s/ in phrase

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5
Q

How do we relate duration with manner effect for fricatives?

A

t vs ch vs sh
stop durations are less than 75 msec
affricates 75-130 msec
130 seconds or more

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6
Q

How is duration influenced by the place of articulation?

A

Duration of fricatives increases with more posterior place of articulation
e.g. f < th < s < sh

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7
Q

How do voicing effects influence duration?

A
  • voiceless fricatives tend to be longer than voiced fricatives
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8
Q

What 3 effects influence amplitude?

A

Place effects
Voicing Effects
Manner Effects

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9
Q

Fricatives of what placement have the greatest intensity?

A

Mid-posterior fricatives

Anterior fricatives have the least intensity (th and f)

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10
Q

How do voicing effects influence amplitude of fricatives?

A

The voiced fricatives have greater intensity than voiceless counterparts

  • /z/ 6 dB greater than /s/
  • /v/ 13 dB greater than /f/
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11
Q

What is the main characteristic we look for when relating amplitude to manner effects?

A

Rise time

  • varies with consonant manner
  • rise time = the time b/w onset and maximum amplitude of turbulent noise
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12
Q

How does the rise time of fricatives relate to those of stops or affricates?

A
  • stops have steep rise time (10 msec)
  • affricates have moderate rise time (30 msec)
  • fricatives have slowest rise time (70 msec)
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13
Q

On which graph would we look for rise time: oscillogram or spectrogram?

A

Spectrogram

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14
Q

f and th would have a _____ (flat/sharp) peak around 1-2 kHz, as well as 8 kHz for f

A

Flat

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15
Q

s and sh would have a _____ (flat/sharp) peak around 4-8 kHz and 2-3 kHz respectively

A

Sharp

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16
Q

For the /s/ the tube is ____ (short/long) resulting in a high resonance (1st formant) frequency

A

Short

17
Q

Affricates have one place of articulation in English. Where is it?

A

Palatal

18
Q

Affricates combine the features of _____ and fricatives

A

Stops

19
Q

The stop gap component of ______ (fricatives/affricates) is very similar in duration to that seen in stops

A

Affricates

20
Q

Affricates have a ______ (slower/faster) frication rise time than fricatives

A

Faster

21
Q

Affricates have a sharp spectral peak around _____ kHz

A

2-3

22
Q

Nasals have a first formant that is _____ (lower/higher) than that of vowels

A

Lower - close to voicing bar

23
Q

With nasals, the nasal tissues result in damping of the ____ (lower/higher) frequencies

A

Higher

24
Q

Antiformants provide acoustical cues to differentiate between which 3 phonemes?

A

Nasals
/m/
/n/
‘ng’

25
Q

What are the F2 loci values for /m/, /n/, and /ng/?

A 
/m/ = 800 Hz (similar to /b/)
/n/ = 1800 Hz (similar to /d/)
/ng/ = 3000 Hz (similar to /g/)
26
Q

What are glides characterized by regarding formants?

A

Gradual formant transitions

  • glide transition = 75-150 msec (wa vs ba)
  • stop transitions = 50-75 msec
27
Q

The further back the place of articulation, the ____ (lower/higher) the frequency of the nasal zero

A

Higher

28
Q

Which value do we use to distinguish between liquid sounds (/l/ and /r/)?

A

Difference in F3 values

- F3 value should drop down with /r/

29
Q

Which has a shorter transition duration: /l/ or /r/?

A

/l/

30
Q

/j/ and /w/ both have F1 transitions that start at ____ (low/high) values and then _____ (descend/rise) to the F1 of the following vowel

A

F1 transitions of /j/ and /w/ start at LOW values and then RISE to the F1 of the following vowel

csd9615 (22 decks)

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