15 - Acoustics - Fricatives, Affricates, Nasal, Glides Flashcards
What are the 5 places of articulation for fricatives?
Labiodental (f, v) Linguadental (theta, ) Lingua-alveolar (s, z) Linguapalatal (... Glottal (h)
What are the 3 sound characteristics that we can use to define and describe them?
Duration
Amplitude
Frequency
Regarding fricatives, what are 2 of the 4 effects that we need to consider?
Context Effects
Manner Effects
Place Effects
Voicing Effects
How does context affect the duration for a fricative, like /s/?
Can range from 50-200 msec
ie. 50 for /s/ at beginning of word (str, spl, spr…)
200 msec for final /s/ in phrase
How do we relate duration with manner effect for fricatives?
t vs ch vs sh
stop durations are less than 75 msec
affricates 75-130 msec
130 seconds or more
How is duration influenced by the place of articulation?
Duration of fricatives increases with more posterior place of articulation
e.g. f < th < s < sh
How do voicing effects influence duration?
- voiceless fricatives tend to be longer than voiced fricatives
What 3 effects influence amplitude?
Place effects
Voicing Effects
Manner Effects
Fricatives of what placement have the greatest intensity?
Mid-posterior fricatives
Anterior fricatives have the least intensity (th and f)
How do voicing effects influence amplitude of fricatives?
The voiced fricatives have greater intensity than voiceless counterparts
- /z/ 6 dB greater than /s/
- /v/ 13 dB greater than /f/
What is the main characteristic we look for when relating amplitude to manner effects?
Rise time
- varies with consonant manner
- rise time = the time b/w onset and maximum amplitude of turbulent noise
How does the rise time of fricatives relate to those of stops or affricates?
- stops have steep rise time (10 msec)
- affricates have moderate rise time (30 msec)
- fricatives have slowest rise time (70 msec)
On which graph would we look for rise time: oscillogram or spectrogram?
Spectrogram
f and th would have a _____ (flat/sharp) peak around 1-2 kHz, as well as 8 kHz for f
Flat
s and sh would have a _____ (flat/sharp) peak around 4-8 kHz and 2-3 kHz respectively
Sharp
For the /s/ the tube is ____ (short/long) resulting in a high resonance (1st formant) frequency
Short
Affricates have one place of articulation in English. Where is it?
Palatal
Affricates combine the features of _____ and fricatives
Stops
The stop gap component of ______ (fricatives/affricates) is very similar in duration to that seen in stops
Affricates
Affricates have a ______ (slower/faster) frication rise time than fricatives
Faster
Affricates have a sharp spectral peak around _____ kHz
2-3
Nasals have a first formant that is _____ (lower/higher) than that of vowels
Lower - close to voicing bar
With nasals, the nasal tissues result in damping of the ____ (lower/higher) frequencies
Higher
Antiformants provide acoustical cues to differentiate between which 3 phonemes?
Nasals
/m/
/n/
‘ng’
What are the F2 loci values for /m/, /n/, and /ng/?
/m/ = 800 Hz (similar to /b/) /n/ = 1800 Hz (similar to /d/) /ng/ = 3000 Hz (similar to /g/)
What are glides characterized by regarding formants?
Gradual formant transitions
- glide transition = 75-150 msec (wa vs ba)
- stop transitions = 50-75 msec
The further back the place of articulation, the ____ (lower/higher) the frequency of the nasal zero
Higher
Which value do we use to distinguish between liquid sounds (/l/ and /r/)?
Difference in F3 values
- F3 value should drop down with /r/
Which has a shorter transition duration: /l/ or /r/?
/l/
/j/ and /w/ both have F1 transitions that start at ____ (low/high) values and then _____ (descend/rise) to the F1 of the following vowel
F1 transitions of /j/ and /w/ start at LOW values and then RISE to the F1 of the following vowel
