08 - Articulatory Anatomy Methods Flashcards
Anatomy of tongue, velar, lip, and jaw muscles Measurement of Upper Articulatory Function (Movement, Force, Sensation)
What are the two types of tongue muscles?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
How are the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue differentiated? (2 main differences)
Intrinsic tongue muscles are contained in the tongue with no external attachment, whereas extrinsic tongue muscles have an external attachment (e.g. tongue to hyoid bone)
Intrinsic muscles shape and produce fine movements of the tongue, whereas extrinsic muscles are responsible for placement and position of the tongue in the oral cavity
What is the intrinsic tongue muscle responsible for elevating the tip?
The superior longitudinal muscle
Name 2 intrinsic tongue muscles, or two movements intrinsic tongue muscles can produce
- Superior longitudinal - elevates tip
- Inferior longitudinal - pulls tip down and retracts
- Transverse - narrows; pulls edges to midline
- Vertical - pulls tongue down towards the floor of the mouth
What is the type of muscle is the Genioglossus?
An extrinsic tongue muscle
Which extrinsic tongue muscle is responsible for retracting and protruding the tongue?
The Genioglossus
Name 2 extrinsic tongue muscles, or two functions of the extrinsic tongue muscles
Genioglossus - retracts or protrudes
Hyoglossus - pulls sides of tongue down
Palatoglossus - elevates back of tongue (anterior faucial pillars)
Styloglossus - elevates and retracts tongue
The Levator Veli Palatini is a ________ (tongue/lip/velar/jaw) muscle
Velar
Which velar (soft palate) muscle elevates the velum and closes the velopharynx?
Levetor veli palatini
Name 2 velar muscles, or two functions of the velar muscles
Levator veli palatini - elevates velum; closes velopharynx
(Superior pharyngeal constrictor - squeezes lateral and posterior wall of the pharynx against velum)
Uvula - elevates velum (minor role)
Palatoglossus - lowers velum and opens velopharynx (anterior faucial pillar) (note: this is also an extrinsic tongue muscle responsible for elevating the back of the tongue)
Palatopharyngeus - lowers velum; narrows pharynx (posterior faucial pillar)
Tensor palatini - opens the eustachian tube
What type of muscle (tongue, velar, lip, or jaw) is the Orbicularis oris, and what does it do?
Lip
It protrudes, puckers, and closes the lips
Besides protruding, puckering, and closing the lips, what are two other functions of the lip muscles?
Elevating the upper lip
Lowering the lower lip
Name 2 lip muscles, or 2 functions of the lip muscles
Orbicularis oris - protrudes, puckers, and closes the lips
Levator labii superioris - elevates upper lip
Levator anguli oris - elevates upper lip
Zygomaticus major and minor - elevates upper lip
Depressor anguli oris - lowers the lower lip
Depressor labii inferiorus - lowers the lower lip
Mentalis - lowers the lower lip
Which muscle opens the jaw?
Lateral pterygoid
What does the masseter muscle do?
Closes the jaw
Name 2 jaw muscles, or 2 functions of jaw muscles
Masseter - closes jaw
Temporalis - closes jaw
Medial pterygoid - closes jaw
Lateral pterygoid - opens jaw
Name 2 low invasive methods for studying tongue movement and describe them
MRI - Magnetic fields measure tissue density; used for static or continuous sounds
Magnetometer - pulsing electromagnetic signals reflect continuous movement of specific targets
Ultrasound - high frequency sound waves reflect off body surfaces; can image continuous speech
Electropalatography (EPG) - mini electrodes on acrylic palate responds to touch of the tongue; location and timing of tongue during continuous speech
Name 2 methods for studying tongue movement
Ones also used for velum or lip/jaw movements: MRI X-Ray X-Ray microbeam Magnetometer
Also:
Ultrasound
EPG (Electropalatography)
Name 2 methods for studying the velum (soft palate)
Ones also used for tongue or lip/jaw movements: MRI X-Ray X-Ray microbeam Magnetometer
Also:
Velotrace - inserted through nose to rest on velum; measures continuous movement during speech; invasive
Nasendoscopy
Name 2 methods for studying the lip and jaw movement
Ones also used for tongue or velum movements: MRI X-Ray X-Ray microbeam Magnetometer
Also:
Lip/jaw strain-gages - small steel beams attached to lips/jaw and strain-gage produce an electrical signal when went; 2D or 3D movement measured during continuous speech; non-invasive
Optotrak - infrared light emitting diodes attached to visible articulators (e.g. lips/jaw), recorded and tracked using 3 cameras; 3D traces during continuous speech; non-invasive
Which speech movements (kinematics) are relatively small: Upper lip Lower lip Tongue tip Jaw
Upper lip (3 mm, 50 mm/sec)
Which speech movements are relatively big: Upper lip Lower lip Tongue tip Jaw
Tongue tip (10 mm, 120 mm/sec)
The maximum repetition rate (Diadochokinetic Rate) is highest for which of the following: Puh Tuh Kuh Puh-Tuh-Kuh
Puh: 6.3 syllables/sec
Which age group(s) has/have the slowest diadochokinetic rate?
<10 yrs old
geriatric
What is the maximum force measured, using a strain-gage force transducer, for the upper lip closing?
4 N
What is the maximum force measured, using a strain-gage force transducer, for the jaw closing?
+100N
What has the highest and lowest force: Upper lip closing Lower lip closing Tongue tip protruding Jaw closing
Highest: jaw closing
Lowest: upper lip closing
What is the usual amount of force used in speech production?
2 N or less
What are the most sensitive structures (for touch): Upper and lower lips Tongue tip Tongue blade Soft palate Finger tip
Upper and lower lips
Tongue tip
What is the most sensitive structure (for two-point discrimination): Upper and lower lips Tongue tip Tongue blade Soft palate Finger tip
Tongue tip
