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Physiology > 22 - Sensation & Motor Control > Flashcards

22 - Sensation & Motor Control Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles are controlled by…

A

Nerves

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2
Q

Muscles are innervated by…

A

Alpha motor neurons (lower motor neurons)

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3
Q

Alpha (lower) motor neurones originate in the…

A

Ventral horn of the spinal cord

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4
Q

Which statement is true?

A) Motor neurons always innervate only 1 muscle fibre
B) Muscle fibres are only ever innervated by 1 motor neuron
C) There is a 1:1 ratio of motor neurons to muscle fibres

A

B) Muscle fibres are only ever innervated by 1 motor neuron

However, one motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibres

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5
Q

Which of the following statements regarding large motor units is false?

A) Generate strong force
B) Innervate many muscle fibres
C) Low precision
D) Involved in finger movement
E) Involved in movement of anti-gravity muscles, such as legs
A

D) Involved in finger movement

Small motor units are involved in finger movement

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6
Q

Movement is generated by coordinated muscle…

A

Contraction and relaxation

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7
Q

Flexion is contraction of the…

A

Flexors (and relaxation of extensors)

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8
Q

Extension is the contraction of…

A

Extensors (and relaxation of flexors)

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9
Q

The only way muscles can produce movement is by pulling on a joint. This is…

A

Contraction

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10
Q

Muscles that pull in the SAME direction are known as…

A

Synergistic

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11
Q

Muscles that pull in opposite directions are known as…

A

Antagonists

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12
Q

Biceps and brachialis muscles are ( synergists / antagonists )

A

Synergists

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13
Q

Biceps and triceps are (synergists / antagonists)

A

Antagonists

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14
Q

List the 4 types of muscle contraction

A
  1. Twitch (5Hz)
  2. Summation (10Hz)
  3. Unfused tetanus (20Hz)
  4. Fused tetanus (40Hz)
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15
Q

Which 3 input sources feed into motor neurones?

A
  1. Upper motor neurones
  2. Interneurones within spinal cord
  3. Muscle spindles & Golgi tendon organs
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16
Q

Interneurones within the spinal cord create local circuits involved in…

A

Spinal movement programs

17
Q

Control of movement depends on sensory feedback, which comes from…

A

Muscle receptors (muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs)

18
Q

Muscle spindles are positioned in parallel with…

A

The extrafusal fibres of the surrounding muscle

19
Q

Muscle spindles are innervated by…

A

1a afferents (which go to the spinal cord)

20
Q

Gamma motor neurones are found in

A) Muscle spindles
B) Golgi tendon organs
C) Proprioceptive receptors
D) All of the above

A

A) Muscle spindles

21
Q

Golgi tendon organs are (parallel / in series) with the extrafusal muscle fibres…

A

In series

22
Q

Golgi tendon organs are innervated by…

A

1b nerve afferents

23
Q

Proprioceptive receptors provide information about the…

A

Position of limbs in space

24
Q

Muscle spindles signal the degree of (?) in the muscle?

A

Stretch

25
Q

Gamma motor neurones from the CNS (efferent) fire with the alpha motor neurones. This is known as…

A

Alpha-gamma co-firing

26
Q

Alpha-gamma co-firing allows adjustment to heavier than expected loads by sending signals to…

A

Increase contraction

27
Q

Movement can be divided into 3 types…

A

I. Reflex
II. Voluntary
III. Rhythmic

28
Q

Reflexes are simple, involuntary actions initiated by…

A

External stimuli (via receptors)

29
Q

Reflexes may originate from either (2)…

A
  1. Spinal cord (Spinal)

2. Brain stem (Cranial)

30
Q

Reflexes can be…

A) Only monosynaptic
B) Only polysynaptic
C) Either mono or polysynaptic
D) Asynaptic

A

C) Either mono or polysynaptic

31
Q

Give an example of a reflex…

A

• Stretch reflex
• Golgi tendon reflex
(Protects from excessive load, control of posture)
• Knee jerk reflex
• Flexion and cross extension reflex (withdrawal of limb and extension of opposite limb, basis for walking)

32
Q

Voluntary control of movement involves 3 brain regions…

A
  1. Cerebral cortex
  2. Basal Ganglia
  3. Cerebellum
33
Q

The cerebral cortex is involved in…

A

Planning, coordinating and initiating voluntary movement

34
Q

The basal ganglia is involved in…

A

Planning and selection of voluntary movement

35
Q

The basal ganglia is affected in which neurodegenerative disease involving tremor?

A

Parkinson’s

36
Q

The cerebellum is involved in…

A

Fine tuning based on experience, sensory feedback and motor learning

37
Q

Voluntary control of movement occurs through pathways from the brain which in turn control which motor neurones in the spinal cord?

A

Alpha motorneurones

Physiology (17 decks)

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