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Physiology > 01 - Homeostasis and the autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

01 - Homeostasis and the autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology can be defined as the study of the…

A

Body’s internal workings

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2
Q

Homeostasis is the maintanence of equilibrium through…

A

Compensation

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3
Q

Homeostasis involves the control of the…

A

Internal environment (ECF)

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4
Q

Homeostasis maintains variables…

A

Witihin a limited range

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5
Q

Homeostasis involves the intergrated function of…

A

Different organ systems

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6
Q

Diseases result from a failure to maintain…

A

Homeostasis

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7
Q

Homeostatic control is a continous process that involves monitoring…

A

Multiple parameters

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8
Q

a) Sensor -> stimulus -> controller -> effector -> response b) Stimulus -> sensor -> effector -> controller -> response c) Stimulus -> sensor -> controller -> effector -> response d) Controller -> stimulus -> sensor -> effector -> response

A

c) Stimulus -> sensor -> controller -> effector -> response

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9
Q

Physiological control mechanisms can be classified as (3)…

A

• Nervous system • Endocrine • Paracrine

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10
Q

Despite neuroendocrine pathways being grouped into 3 types there are actually…

A

No absolute distinctions between them

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11
Q

A major function of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is to maintain…

A

Homeostasis

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12
Q

ANS control centres are located in the (3)…

A
  1. Hypothalamus 2.Brain stem 3. Spinal cord
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13
Q

Efferent pathways of the ANS are divided into (2)…

A

• Sympathetic (‘fight or flight’) • Parasympathetic (‘rest and digest’ or ‘feed and breed’)

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14
Q

The structure of the NS can be divided into 3 main parts…

A
  1. Pre-ganglionic neurone 2. Autonomic ganglion 3. Post-ganglionic neurone
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15
Q

The parasympathetic NS is characterised structurally by…

A

Long pre-ganglionic and a short post-ganglionic neurone

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16
Q

The sympathetic NS is characterised structurally by…

A

Short pre-ganglionic and a long post-ganglionic neurone (and the existance of the sympathetic ganglia)

17
Q

The pre-ganglionic origin of the parasympathetic NS (2)…

A
  1. Cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) 2. Pelvic nerve
18
Q

The pre-ganglionic origin of the sympathetic NS is (2)…

A
  1. Thoracic 1 (T1) 2. Lumbar 2/3 (L2/3)
19
Q

The origin of some post-ganglionic neurones in the sympathetic ANS is the…

A

Autonomic ganglia

20
Q

The autonomic ganglia is comprised of 2…

A

Paravertibral sympathetic chains

21
Q

The adrenal medulla is directly innervated by…

A

Pre-ganglionic neurones from the sympathetic NS

22
Q

Neurotransmitters of the ANS (4)

A

• Acetylcholine • Noradrenaline (norepinephrine) • Adrenaline (epinephrine) • NANC

23
Q

ANS receptors (2)…

A

• Cholinergic • Adrenergic

24
Q

Nicotinic Ach receptors can be found at the…

A

NMJ

25
Q

Cholinergic receptors are divided into (2)…

A

• Muscarinic (can bind to muscarinol) • Nicotinic (can bind to nicotine)

26
Q

Muscarinic Ach receptors can be blocked by…

A

Atropine, leading to pupil dilation

27
Q

Nicotinic Ach receptors can be blocked by…

A

Curare, leading to muscle relaxation or death at higher doses (?)

28
Q

Adrenergic receptors can be divided into (2)…

A

• alpha 1 & 2 • beta 1 & 2

29
Q

Propanolol blocks the…

A

Beta adrenoreceptors

30
Q

Alpha adrenoreceptors have greater affinity for…

A

Noradrenaline relative to adrenaline

31
Q

Beta 1 adrenoreceptors have… a) equal affinity for adrenaline vs noradrenaline b) higher affinity for noradrenaline c) higher affinity for adrenaline

A

a) equal affinity

32
Q

Beta 2 adrenoreceptors have a greater affinity for…

A

Adrenaline relative to noradrenalin

33
Q

Alpha adrenoreceptors can be blocked by…

A

Phentolamine

34
Q

Alpha 1 adrenoreceptors are ( pre / post ) synaptic and result in vasoconstriction and smooth muslcle contraction.

A

Alpha 1 adrenoreceptors are post-synaptic

35
Q

Alpha 2 adrenoreceptors are ( pre / post ) synaptic and (increase / reduce) cholinergic and adrenegric effects.

A

Alpha 2 adrenoreceptors are pre-synaptic and reduce cholinergic and adrenergic effects

36
Q

Examples of pharmocological agents used to study the role of specific neurotransmitters (4)…

A

• Curare (blocks nicotinic-cholinoreceptors) • Atropine (blocks muscarinic-cholinoreceptors) • Phentolamine (blocks alpha-adrenoreceptors) • Propanolol (blocks beta-adrenoreceptors

Physiology (17 decks)

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