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Physiology > 02 - Blood > Flashcards

02 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood represents what percentage of body weight?

a) 8%
b) 2%
c) 0.8%
d) 20%

A

a) 8%

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2
Q

Blood preserves acid-base…

A

Homeostasis ⚖️

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3
Q

Blood distributes solutes such as…

A
  • Hormones
  • Ions
  • Nutrients
  • Metabolic waste
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4
Q

The 3 main constituents of blood, suspended in the plasma, are…

A
  1. Erythrocytes (‘red blood cells’)
  2. Leukocytes (‘white blood cells’)
  3. Thrombocytes (platelets)
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5
Q

Haematocrit is a measure of…

A

Red blood cell volume

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6
Q

Normal haematocrit is…

A

42% for women and 45% for men

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7
Q

Plasma is 90%…

A

Water 💦

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8
Q

Plasma proteins (4)…

A
  1. Serum albumin
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogens
  4. Regulatory proteins
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9
Q

Serum albumin helps maintain…

A

Osmotic pressure

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10
Q

Serum albumin is involved with the transport of…

A

Lipids and steroid hormones

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11
Q

Serum albumin is produced in the..

A

Liver

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12
Q

Globulins transport…

A

Ions, hormones and lipids

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13
Q

Globulines also include…

A

Immune proteins

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14
Q

The levels of various plasma proteins can be identified by using…

A

Electrophoresis

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15
Q

Cirrhosis is…

A

Low levels of albumin and clotting factors

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16
Q

Low levels of albumin in cirrhosis is associated with…

A

A lack of osmotic control leading to severe edema known as “ascites”

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17
Q

The gross structure of an erythrocyte can be described as a…

A

Biconcave disk

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18
Q

The structure of erythrocytes enhances their…

A

Surface area to volume ratio

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19
Q

Erythrocytes contain enzymes, haemoglobin, cytosol but no…

A

Mitochondria or nucleus

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20
Q

Red blood cells may be too small (microcytic) as the result of…

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

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21
Q

Red blood cells may be too large (macrocytic) as the result of…

A

Folate (B9) deficiency anaemia

22
Q

Mean cell volume (MCV) is…

A

80-96 fL (femtolitres = 10^-15 L)

23
Q

Synthesis of erythrocyctes begins in the…

A

Bone marrow 🦴

24
Q

Erythrocytes originate from which cell type?

A

Multipotential hemopoietic stem cells known as hemocytoblasts

25
Q

When producing erythrocytes, hematopoietic stem cells mature into…

A

Erythrocyte CFUs

26
Q

Erythrocyte CFUs require EPO to form…

A

Proerythroblasts

27
Q

Red blood cells enter the blood stream as…

A

Reticulocytes

28
Q

In the late erythroblast stage the nucleus shrinks and is…

A

Is ejected (along with other organelles)

29
Q

Reduced O2 in blood leads to the release of what substance from the kidney?

A

EPO

which stimulates bone marrow conversion of Erythrocyte CFU to proerythroblasts

30
Q

The erythrocyte synthesis feedback loop takes around…

A

26 days 🗓

31
Q

Erythrocytes have a life span of approximately…

A

120 days

32
Q

Damaged RBCs are brought to the spleen and liver by…

A

Monocytes

33
Q

Haemoglobin from RBCs is broken down into…

A

Haem and globin

34
Q

G6PD deficiency reduces glutathione. This means…

A

No antioxidant in RBCs, damage is accumulated rapidly due to oxidative stress, predisposed to haemolytic crisis

35
Q

G6PD deficiency is also known as…

A

Favism

36
Q

The structure of the haem group is a…

A

Porphyrin ring with 1 iron atom

37
Q

Adult haemoglobin usually contains which subunits?

A

2 alpha and 2 beta

38
Q

Fetal haemoglobin usually contains which subunits?

A

2 alpha and 2 gamma

39
Q

Cooperative binding means…

A

Subsequent O2 molecules are bound or released more readily

40
Q

Haemoglobin has 2 forms…

A
  • Relaxed (r)

* Taught (t)

41
Q

Haemoglobin relaxed has…

A

High O2 affinity, firmly binding O2 in regions of high pO2 (such as in the lungs)

42
Q

Haemoglobin taught has…

A

Low O2 affinity, releases O2 in regions of low pO2, i.e. peripheral tissues

43
Q

In addition to oxygen, haemoglobin can also bind (4)…

A

CO2, H+, CO, NO

44
Q

Sickle cell anaemia is an example of a…

A

Haemoglobinopathy (misfolded proteins)

45
Q

In thalassemias, haemoglobin proteins are normal but…

A

Present in reduced numbers 🔻

46
Q

Sickle cell anaemia results from a mutation in the…

A

Beta-globin gene (from Glutamic acid -> Valine)

47
Q

In sickle cell anaemia the reduced lifespan of malformed RBCs results in…

A

Anaemia

48
Q

Sickle cell trait is typically asymptomatic and protects against…

A

Malaria 🦟

49
Q

Thalassemias are…

A

Recessive genetic diseases

50
Q

In alpha thalassemia, the body compensates…

A

By producing more beta chains, which form a beta tetramer ‘golf ball’ ⛳️

51
Q

Alpha thalassemia is found as trait (heterozygous) as the major form is…

A

Incompatible with life 💀

52
Q

Beta thalassemia causes…

A

Iron overload leading to organ damage

Physiology (17 decks)

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