20th Century Midterm Flashcards by Katherine Appel

Adolf Hitler

Fuhrer of Germany

Nazism

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Benito Mussolini

Prime Minister of Italy

Fascism

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Josef Stalin

Secretary of Communist Party of Soviet Union

Communism

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Hideki Tojo

General of Japanese Imperial Army

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Francisco Franco

Prime Minister of Spain

Fascism

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Neville Chamberlian

Prime Minister of Great Britain

Appeased Hitler at the Munich Conference

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Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks

Gave control of factories to workers

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New Economic Policy

Lenin had to slow down his revolution in the face of Russia’s problems

Had to stabilize the economy after the Civil War

Widespread starvation after Civil War

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Karl Marx

Philosopher

Wrote Communist Manifesto

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Leon Trotsky

Leader of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War

Lenin’s right hand man

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How did the education system prepare the Japanese for war

Textbooks were propaganda that made Japan look superior

Physical abuse by teachers

Psychological preparement by teachers

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What are Japanese looking to get out of expansion?

Factories

Living space

Slaves

Natural resources

Military bases

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Why does Japan chose to invade Manchuria?

Important natural resources (coal and iron)

Large space for crops

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How does Japan get around Kellogg Brand Pact when invading Manchuria

Said they were defending themselves

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What did the Japanese think of themselves in 1930s?

They were superior

Could steam roll the Chinese in 3 months

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Chinese vs. Japanese first fight

Shanghai

China puts up much better fight then expected

Makes Japanese mad and frustrated as they head towards Nanking

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US reaction to Japanese invading French Indochina

Oil embargo on Japan

Embargo upsets Japanese and leds to Pearl Harbour

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Tripartite Pact

1940

Loose alliance between Japan, Germany, and Italy

Agree to sell resources to eachother, but do NOT give eachother military support

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Russian Revolution start

Women textile workers in Petrograd led a citywide strike

Large riots over bread and fuel

Soldiers eventually joined protestors

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Result of the Russian Revolution

Czar Nicholas forced to abdicate the thrown

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Government after the Russian Revolution

Provisional government

Dumas set up temporary government with Alexander Kerensky as head

Upper and middleclass liberals

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Bolshevik Revolution start

Bolsheviks took control of local soviets

Bolshevik Red Guards storm the Winter Palace

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Result of Bolshevik Revolution

Arrested the provisional government

took control in a matter of hours

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New government after Bolshevik Revolution

Lenin and the Bolsheviks gained control of Russia

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Great Purges

1 million shot Even more sent to Gulags Stalin is "purging" Russia of any opposition to his rule Military officials and elite killed

What effect did the Purges have in WW2

Lost the necessary military experience and intellectual knowledge to help fight Germany

Why did Stalin create the Five Year Plans?

He wanted to industrially modernize Russia

Collectivization

Stalin's five year plan Farmers forced to give up land, so it could be cultivated cooperatively

State Planning Commission

(State=Stalin!) Prices established by the central government Commission established production goals and determined how the goals would be met

Gulags

Forced labor camps where people worked to death Kolyma=worst Gulag Stalin

Blackshirts

Original followers of Mussolini Disgruntled WW1 veterans Used violence to gain a following

Mussolini and Political Chamellon

Musollini changes views to fit whatever crowd he is in Started supporting workers than switched views when he saw interest for upper class protection

March on Rome

Fascist party controlled 34 seats in Chamber of Deputies (gaining support) Victor Emmanuel III did not sign a decree to stop the fascists from marching and guaranted fascist success

Outcome of March on Rome

Mussolini was appointed to prime minister by the King

How did Mussolini work the first 3 years?

Expected to work within the parliament He puts powerful individuals in positions during these years

4 Key Parts of the Versailles Treaty

Reparation: how much they have to pay Reduce the German military Loss of territory Germany takes sole ownership for WW1

Reasons for Hitler's rise to power

Charismatic People unhappy with Versaille Treaty Unemployment Hyperinflation

What did Hitler use to rule by decree?

Article 48

What starts Hitler's hunt for communists?

Mentally ill man burns Reichstag

Law for Protection of the People and the State

Takes away Germans civil liberities

Enabling Act

Gave Hitler the soul power to rule by decree

Appeasement

Believed that Hitler had real grievances and that his goals were limited and acceptable Western powers decided to negotiate and make concessions

Czech and Germany

Chamberlain try to appease Germany But Germany wants succession of Sudetenland in 3 days

Who proposed Munich conference?

Mussolini

Why was the Munich conference called?

To discuss the succession of Sudeteland

Results of Munich conference

Gave Sudetenland to Germany Czechs defenseless

September 1, 1939

Hitler invades Poland Official start of WW2 in Europe

How did Hitler violate the Treaty of Versailles?

Not allowed to expand Not allowed to have a military

What was first nation to be annexed by Germany

Austria anschluss

Definition of Genocide

any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily...

Hitler's 3 Goals for Stage 1

1) Strip German Jews of Citizenship 2) Harsh discrimination to force emigration 3) Expel by force if necessary

3 Stages of the Holocaust

Stage 1: Dehumanization Stage 2: Ghettos Stage 3: Final Solution

Groups targeted by the Nazis

Jews Gypsies Poles Slavs Mentally disabled Communists Gays

Free world during the Holocaust

Knew about it (It was in newspapers) Bermuda Conference nothing comes out of it Never bombed Death Camps

Bystanders Reactions to the Holocaust

Most people did not say anything about it

Kristallnacht

Night of the Broken Glass Pogrom Organized attack destroying Jewish property

Why did Kristallnacht happen

Young, Jewish man in France killed a Nazi Guard Collective responsibility (all the Jews were punished)

Nuremberg Laws

German jews lost their citzenship Immigrants into Germany not considered citizens 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents meant you were a Jew

Who was pardoned in Nuremberg Laws?

Veterans

Final Solution

Created by Heydrich Revealed at Wansee Conference Nazi policy of exterminating Jews through concentration camps

Nuremberg War Crimes Trials

Sets precedent that "I was just following orders" is not an excuse