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Medicine > 20th Century Health > Flashcards

20th Century Health Flashcards

1
Q

When and by who had penicillin been discovered?

A

19th century

Lister

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2
Q

What had Lister used penicillin for?

A

To treat a wound but had never published his notes

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3
Q

Where was Alexander Fleming sent to study the treatment of wounded soldiers?

A

St Mary’s Hospital, London

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4
Q

What did Alexander Fleming observe at St Mary’s Hospital? What did he decide to do?

A

Antiseptics were unable to prevent infection

To look for something which would kill the microbes which caused infection

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5
Q

What was one very dangerous germ? What did it cause?

A

Staphylococci

Septicaemia

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6
Q

What did Fleming notice when he returned from holiday in 1928?

A

A mould on one of his Petri dishes

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7
Q

What did the mould tell Fleming?

A

It was penicillin

The staphylococci germ had been killed by the mould

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8
Q

What did Fleming conclude from the Petri dish?

A

It was a natural antiseptic

Today we call it an antibiotic

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9
Q

When did Fleming publish his results?

A

1929

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10
Q

Why didn’t Fleming develop the drug?

A

He didn’t have the funds

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11
Q

What test was missing from Fleming’s work?

A

Injecting penicillin into the blood

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12
Q

What would injecting penicillin into the blood have shown?

A

It was a medicine

Would’ve sparked further interest

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13
Q

Who began to research penicillin after reading an article by Fleming?

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

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14
Q

When did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain begin to research penicillin?

A

1937

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15
Q

What did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain have? What did this allow them to do?

A

Funds

Begin to experiment on mice

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16
Q

When did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain begin to experiment on humans?

A

1941

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17
Q

What did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain do to their laboratory?

A

Turned it into a penicillin producing factory

18
Q

What was Howard Florey and Ernst Chain’s first trial with the penicillin?

A

On a policeman with an infection from a scratch

19
Q

Why did the policeman die 5 days after the trial started?

A

They ran out of the drug

They had seen success

20
Q

What sped up the production of penicillin?

A

World War Two

21
Q

Why did World War Two speed up penicillin production?

A

US government paid drug companies to make it in large quantities

22
Q

When was penicillin first used in World War Two? Who was it used on?

A

1943

Troops in North Africa

23
Q

What two counties produced huge quantities of penicillin?

A

USA

Great Britain

24
Q

Between what years did penicillin help save thousands of lives?

A

1944

1945

25
Q

How much penicillin was there to treat soldiers in 1943? By 1945 how many soldiers were helped?

A

In 1943 there was enough to treat 1000 soldiers

By 1945, 250,000 soldiers were helped

26
Q

% of soldiers in World War Two who would’ve died without the penicillin

A

15%

27
Q

After the war, what was introduced to research and develop the “wonder drug” penicillin?

A

A huge government sponsored programme

28
Q

What diseases was penicillin used to widely treat after World War Two?

A 
Bronchitis 
Impetigo 
Pneumonia 
Tonsillitis 
Syphilis 
Meningitis 
Boils
Abscesses wounds
29
Q

When did Fleming, Chain and Florey revive the Nobel Prize for Medicine?

A

1945

30
Q

An example of another antibiotic which followed penicillin

A

Streptomycin in 1944
Tetracycline in 1953
Mitomycin in 1956
Cortisone in 1950

31
Q

What was streptomycin used to treat?

A

Tuberculosis

32
Q

What is tetracycline good for?

A

Skin infections

33
Q

What has mitomycin been used for?

A

Fighting cancer

34
Q

What was cortisone used to treat?

A

Arthritis

35
Q

New vaccines emerged after WW2 to treat what diseases?

A

Polio

Measles

36
Q

What came on the market after WW2?

A

Tranquiliser

Birth control pill

37
Q

What were there new pills for after WW2?

A

Depression
Psychosis
Hypertension

38
Q

What did it seem that medical and scientific medicine could solve after WW2?

A

All medical issues

39
Q

What became a big business after WW2? What did this mean?

A

Medicine

Fortunes could be made so testing could be rushed

40
Q

What led to much tougher testing and approval processes for new drugs?

A

A drug called thalidomide, for sleeping, resulted in the birth of babies with poorly formed limbs

41
Q

What did the GP become central to?

A

The delivery of medical services

Medicine (31 decks)

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