20 Health risk and health enhancing behaviors Flashcards
Define stigma
a mark of disgrace assocaited with a particular circumstance, quality or individual
Define disgust
a feeling fo revulsion or strong disapproval aroused by something unpleasant or offensive
In what ways does stigma apply to health
It applies to health risk and enhancing behaviours
What are health enhancing behaviours?
Exercise
Healthy diet
HPV vacccination
What are health-enhancing behaviours?
Exercise
Healthy diet
HPV vaccination
Define health risk behaviours as stated by Matarazzo (1984)
Behavioural pathogens - the health-damaging/health risk behaviours such as excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, fatty diet
(based on biomedical model)
Define health-enhancing behaviours as stated by Matarazzo (1984)
Behavioural immunogens - the health-protective/health-enhancing behaviours such as exercise, health screening uptake, breast self-examination, and low-fat diets
Why is it important to study health behaviours
Due to the prevalence of many chronic diseases increasing in AUS and other parts of the world.
- Contributed to by tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, risky alcohol consumption and poor diet
Because these conditions are caused by behaviours we choose to participate in, and can be prevented if we stop them from occurring.
Why is it important to study health behaviours as stated by WHO (2005)
“heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic diseases looking epidemics that will take the greatest toll in deaths and disability”
What do chronic diseases impact heavily on?
the use of health services, a burden upon patients/carers, rates of death disability and healthcare expenditure
Describe the recommendations of SMOKING
Don’t do it: heavily addincting - hard to stop and harmful to your everyday life
What is the prevalence of SMOKING in 2001 and 2013? Daily smoking and never smoked respectively
Daily smoking:
- 2001 = 19%
- 2013 = 13% (significant decrease)
Never smoked:
2001: 51%
2013: 60%
Describe the increased risk caused by SMOKING
Results showed an increased risk of: coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and cancer
responsible for more drug-related hospitalisations and deaths than both alcohol and illicit drugs combined
Describe the factors associated with SMOKING
Location, indigeneity, SES and sexual orientation
Location plays a huge part -> remote and very remote areas are twice as likely
Indigeneity -> Indigenous Australians more likely to smoke than non-indigenous (2.5x as likely)
SES -> people in lower SES more likely to smoke compared to higher (3x more likely to smoke)
Sexual orientation -> homosexual and bisexual more likely to smoke
What are the factors influencing SMOKING?
Modelling, social pressure, social learning, weight control, risk-tasking or problem behaivours, health cognitions
Why do people continue SMOKING?
Enjoyment (behaviour, taste, effects), habit, physical/mental addiction, stress management, low self-efficacy (if not motive, habit will be higher)
What are the recommendations for ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION for healthy adults who are not pregnant?
Drinking no more than two standard drinks per day maintains the risk of long-term alcohol-related illness at a low level
On any individual occasion, drinking no more than four standard drinks maintains the risk of short-term, alcohol-related injury at a low level
What are the increased short-term and long-term risk of ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION?
Short-term: domestic violence, road accidents, crime
Long-term: liver disease, cancer (oral, oesophagus, larynx), high blood pressure, pancreatitis and brain damage
Prevalence of exceeding guidelines for long-term harm and short-term harm ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Small but significant decreases in Australia -> 2001 -21%, 2013 - 18% (long term)
2001 - 29%, 2013 - 25% decrease in the number of adults weekly to daily (short term)
Factors associated with ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Location, Indigeneity, SES, sexual orientation
Location -> remote and very remote areas (2x more likely)
Indignity -> Indigenous Australians more abstinence but more risky
SES -> Higher SES were more likely to drink
Sexual orientation -> homosexual and bisexual (releases anxiety from sexual prejudice/stigma)
- High consumption is higher amongst same-sex attracted people due to negative reactions to disclosure of orientation and experiences of bisexual-negativity
What are the recommendations to avoid UNSAFE SEX
Regular STD checks, covering potentially infection areas, preventing the transfer of bodily fluids between partners
Use of external condoms, lubricant and condoms for oral sex
What does protection during SEX reduce the risk of?
To reduce the risk of unplanned pregnancy, infections (e.g. HIV, HPV, Chlamydia, herpes simplex and genital warts)
Prevalence of condom use amongst adults who had causal intercourse (used a condom every time)
Used condom every time:
- 2001 = 41%
- 2013 = 49%
Factors associated with condom-use
For women: age, excessive alcohol consumption (less likely after high alcohol)
For men: no. of sexual partners
Why not use protection during sex?
Social: Embarassing raising the issue, anticipated objective, worry about STI implications
Lack of self-efficacy
Attitudes: reduced spontaneity, unrealistically positive
What are the recommendations for EXERCISE? Moderate and vigorous activity
Moderate, at least 150-300 min/week (4-5) days
Vigorous, at least 75-100 min/week
What are the Benefits of EXERCISE (reduced risk of)?
Physical: cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, cancer (colon breast)
Psychological: anxiety disorders + symptoms, major depressive disorder + symptoms and stress
What are the EXERCISE prevalence amongst adults
(meeting exercise guidelines)?
meeting exercise guidelines increased, from 2005-2013, from 30% to 43%
Factors associated with EXERCISE
Age, education, SES, location
Age -> younger (are more likely to meet guidelines)
SES -> higher (are more likely to meet guidelines)
Education -> higher (are more likely to meet guidelines)
Location -> major cities (are more likely to meet guidelines)
Why exercise and not exercise? Internal and external
Internal constraints: self-efficacy, lack of interest and enjoyment
External constraints: time constraints, modelling from family, social support, active environment
What are the HEALTHY DIET recommendations for women and men
2 serves a fruit a day (150g), 5 serves of cooked veggies (75g)
What does HEALTHY EATING reduce the risk of?
Coronary heart disease
Stroke
Lung Cancer
What is the Prevalence among adults for HEALTH EATING (meeting fruit guidelines and meeting vegetable guidelines)
Decreasing in meeting fruit guidelines (54% -> 49%)
Decreased in meeting veggie guidelines from 2005 to 2012 (14% to 6%)
What are the Factors associated with HEALTHY EATING
SES, age
SES -> higher it is more likely to meet guidelines
Age -> yougner have higher consumption, once over 55+ it goes up again
Why not F & V?
Parental socialisation: permissiveness; feeding practices (Vereecken et al., 2010)
Perceived and/or actual barriers - lack of knowledge and skills, length of preparation, cost and availability
Misinformation - consumers reluctant to eat vegetarian because of perceived lack of nutrients
Why do people eat F & V? as found by Pearson, Ball and Crawford (2011)
Vegetables : peer support, self-efficacy, perceived availability of F&V in the home
Fruit: healthy eating value, modelling by mother, high self-efficacy, perceived vailaiblity of energy-dense food in the home
What are the recommendations of HPV VACCINATION
3 vaccinations ideally before sexually active - dramatically reducing the incidence of HPV virus in Australia by 2013
What does HPV VACCINATION decrease the risk of?
Protects against HPV types 16 and 18: amongst cancers attributable to HPV
- Cervical cancers, vaginal cancers, mouth cancers, penile and anal cancers
What is the Prevalence of people who have had all 3 HPV VACCINATIONS
Younger girls have had all 3 vaccinations (after national HPV program)
2006 to 2011, 71% girls vs 33% of women 18-26
What are the Factors associated with HPV VACCINATION uptake
SES -> lower also have higher rates of cervical cancer and HPV
Health insurance status
Program location (higher for school-based population)
Recommendation by health care professional
Parental concern of side effects - safety and side effects, initiation of early sexual behaviour (not really a concern)
What can health behaviours do?
Increase (health risk behaviours) or decrease (health-enhancing behaviours) our risk of specific long-term illness
How are the rates of Australia changing in terms of health?
They mostly appear to be changing for the healthier (caveat, F&V, sub populations)
What are some important factors to consider when developing internvetions?
Engagement in the behaviours varies along demographic and psychosocial aspects
