20 Health risk and health enhancing behaviors Flashcards
Define stigma
a mark of disgrace assocaited with a particular circumstance, quality or individual
Define disgust
a feeling fo revulsion or strong disapproval aroused by something unpleasant or offensive
In what ways does stigma apply to health
It applies to health risk and enhancing behaviours
What are health enhancing behaviours?
Exercise
Healthy diet
HPV vacccination
What are health-enhancing behaviours?
Exercise
Healthy diet
HPV vaccination
Define health risk behaviours as stated by Matarazzo (1984)
Behavioural pathogens - the health-damaging/health risk behaviours such as excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, fatty diet
(based on biomedical model)
Define health-enhancing behaviours as stated by Matarazzo (1984)
Behavioural immunogens - the health-protective/health-enhancing behaviours such as exercise, health screening uptake, breast self-examination, and low-fat diets
Why is it important to study health behaviours
Due to the prevalence of many chronic diseases increasing in AUS and other parts of the world.
- Contributed to by tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, risky alcohol consumption and poor diet
Because these conditions are caused by behaviours we choose to participate in, and can be prevented if we stop them from occurring.
Why is it important to study health behaviours as stated by WHO (2005)
“heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic diseases looking epidemics that will take the greatest toll in deaths and disability”
What do chronic diseases impact heavily on?
the use of health services, a burden upon patients/carers, rates of death disability and healthcare expenditure
Describe the recommendations of SMOKING
Don’t do it: heavily addincting - hard to stop and harmful to your everyday life
What is the prevalence of SMOKING in 2001 and 2013? Daily smoking and never smoked respectively
Daily smoking:
- 2001 = 19%
- 2013 = 13% (significant decrease)
Never smoked:
2001: 51%
2013: 60%
Describe the increased risk caused by SMOKING
Results showed an increased risk of: coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and cancer
responsible for more drug-related hospitalisations and deaths than both alcohol and illicit drugs combined
Describe the factors associated with SMOKING
Location, indigeneity, SES and sexual orientation
Location plays a huge part -> remote and very remote areas are twice as likely
Indigeneity -> Indigenous Australians more likely to smoke than non-indigenous (2.5x as likely)
SES -> people in lower SES more likely to smoke compared to higher (3x more likely to smoke)
Sexual orientation -> homosexual and bisexual more likely to smoke
What are the factors influencing SMOKING?
Modelling, social pressure, social learning, weight control, risk-tasking or problem behaivours, health cognitions
Why do people continue SMOKING?
Enjoyment (behaviour, taste, effects), habit, physical/mental addiction, stress management, low self-efficacy (if not motive, habit will be higher)
What are the recommendations for ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION for healthy adults who are not pregnant?
Drinking no more than two standard drinks per day maintains the risk of long-term alcohol-related illness at a low level
On any individual occasion, drinking no more than four standard drinks maintains the risk of short-term, alcohol-related injury at a low level
What are the increased short-term and long-term risk of ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION?
Short-term: domestic violence, road accidents, crime
Long-term: liver disease, cancer (oral, oesophagus, larynx), high blood pressure, pancreatitis and brain damage
Prevalence of exceeding guidelines for long-term harm and short-term harm ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Small but significant decreases in Australia -> 2001 -21%, 2013 - 18% (long term)
2001 - 29%, 2013 - 25% decrease in the number of adults weekly to daily (short term)
Factors associated with ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
Location, Indigeneity, SES, sexual orientation
Location -> remote and very remote areas (2x more likely)
Indignity -> Indigenous Australians more abstinence but more risky
SES -> Higher SES were more likely to drink
Sexual orientation -> homosexual and bisexual (releases anxiety from sexual prejudice/stigma)
- High consumption is higher amongst same-sex attracted people due to negative reactions to disclosure of orientation and experiences of bisexual-negativity
What are the recommendations to avoid UNSAFE SEX
Regular STD checks, covering potentially infection areas, preventing the transfer of bodily fluids between partners
Use of external condoms, lubricant and condoms for oral sex
What does protection during SEX reduce the risk of?
To reduce the risk of unplanned pregnancy, infections (e.g. HIV, HPV, Chlamydia, herpes simplex and genital warts)
Prevalence of condom use amongst adults who had causal intercourse (used a condom every time)
Used condom every time:
- 2001 = 41%
- 2013 = 49%
Factors associated with condom-use
For women: age, excessive alcohol consumption (less likely after high alcohol)
For men: no. of sexual partners
