20 Health risk and health enhancing behaviors

Question 1

Define stigma

Answer 1

a mark of disgrace assocaited with a particular circumstance, quality or individual

Question 2

Define disgust

Answer 2

a feeling fo revulsion or strong disapproval aroused by something unpleasant or offensive

Question 3

In what ways does stigma apply to health

Answer 3

It applies to health risk and enhancing behaviours

Question 4

What are health enhancing behaviours?

Answer 4

Exercise
Healthy diet
HPV vacccination

Question 5

What are health-enhancing behaviours?

Answer 5

Exercise
Healthy diet
HPV vaccination

Question 6

Define health risk behaviours as stated by Matarazzo (1984)

Answer 6

Behavioural pathogens - the health-damaging/health risk behaviours such as excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, fatty diet

(based on biomedical model)

Question 7

Define health-enhancing behaviours as stated by Matarazzo (1984)

Answer 7

Behavioural immunogens - the health-protective/health-enhancing behaviours such as exercise, health screening uptake, breast self-examination, and low-fat diets

Question 8

Why is it important to study health behaviours

Answer 8

Due to the prevalence of many chronic diseases increasing in AUS and other parts of the world.
- Contributed to by tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, risky alcohol consumption and poor diet

Because these conditions are caused by behaviours we choose to participate in, and can be prevented if we stop them from occurring.

Question 9

Why is it important to study health behaviours as stated by WHO (2005)

Answer 9

“heart disease, stroke, cancer and other chronic diseases looking epidemics that will take the greatest toll in deaths and disability”

Question 10

What do chronic diseases impact heavily on?

Answer 10

the use of health services, a burden upon patients/carers, rates of death disability and healthcare expenditure

Question 11

Describe the recommendations of SMOKING

Answer 11

Don’t do it: heavily addincting - hard to stop and harmful to your everyday life

Question 12

What is the prevalence of SMOKING in 2001 and 2013? Daily smoking and never smoked respectively

Answer 12

Daily smoking:

• 2001 = 19%
• 2013 = 13% (significant decrease)

Never smoked:

2001: 51%
2013: 60%

Question 13

Describe the increased risk caused by SMOKING

Answer 13

Results showed an increased risk of: coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease and cancer

responsible for more drug-related hospitalisations and deaths than both alcohol and illicit drugs combined

Question 14

Describe the factors associated with SMOKING

Location, indigeneity, SES and sexual orientation

Answer 14

Location plays a huge part -> remote and very remote areas are twice as likely

Indigeneity -> Indigenous Australians more likely to smoke than non-indigenous (2.5x as likely)

SES -> people in lower SES more likely to smoke compared to higher (3x more likely to smoke)

Sexual orientation -> homosexual and bisexual more likely to smoke

Question 15

What are the factors influencing SMOKING?

Answer 15

Modelling, social pressure, social learning, weight control, risk-tasking or problem behaivours, health cognitions

Question 16

Why do people continue SMOKING?

Answer 16

Enjoyment (behaviour, taste, effects), habit, physical/mental addiction, stress management, low self-efficacy (if not motive, habit will be higher)

Question 17

What are the recommendations for ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION for healthy adults who are not pregnant?

Answer 17

Drinking no more than two standard drinks per day maintains the risk of long-term alcohol-related illness at a low level

On any individual occasion, drinking no more than four standard drinks maintains the risk of short-term, alcohol-related injury at a low level

Question 18

What are the increased short-term and long-term risk of ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION?

Answer 18

Short-term: domestic violence, road accidents, crime

Long-term: liver disease, cancer (oral, oesophagus, larynx), high blood pressure, pancreatitis and brain damage

Question 19

Prevalence of exceeding guidelines for long-term harm and short-term harm ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

Answer 19

Small but significant decreases in Australia -> 2001 -21%, 2013 - 18% (long term)

2001 - 29%, 2013 - 25% decrease in the number of adults weekly to daily (short term)

Question 20

Factors associated with ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION

Location, Indigeneity, SES, sexual orientation

Answer 20

Location -> remote and very remote areas (2x more likely)

Indignity -> Indigenous Australians more abstinence but more risky

SES -> Higher SES were more likely to drink

Sexual orientation -> homosexual and bisexual (releases anxiety from sexual prejudice/stigma)
- High consumption is higher amongst same-sex attracted people due to negative reactions to disclosure of orientation and experiences of bisexual-negativity

Question 21

What are the recommendations to avoid UNSAFE SEX

Answer 21

Regular STD checks, covering potentially infection areas, preventing the transfer of bodily fluids between partners

Use of external condoms, lubricant and condoms for oral sex

Question 22

What does protection during SEX reduce the risk of?

Answer 22

To reduce the risk of unplanned pregnancy, infections (e.g. HIV, HPV, Chlamydia, herpes simplex and genital warts)

Question 23

Prevalence of condom use amongst adults who had causal intercourse (used a condom every time)

Answer 23

Used condom every time:

• 2001 = 41%
• 2013 = 49%

Question 24

Factors associated with condom-use

Answer 24

For women: age, excessive alcohol consumption (less likely after high alcohol)
For men: no. of sexual partners

Question 25

Why not use protection during sex?

Answer 25

Social: Embarassing raising the issue, anticipated objective, worry about STI implications

Lack of self-efficacy

Attitudes: reduced spontaneity, unrealistically positive

Question 26

What are the recommendations for EXERCISE? Moderate and vigorous activity

Answer 26

Moderate, at least 150-300 min/week (4-5) days

Vigorous, at least 75-100 min/week

Question 27

What are the Benefits of EXERCISE (reduced risk of)?

Answer 27

Physical: cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, cancer (colon breast)

Psychological: anxiety disorders + symptoms, major depressive disorder + symptoms and stress

Question 28

What are the EXERCISE prevalence amongst adults

(meeting exercise guidelines)?

Answer 28

meeting exercise guidelines increased, from 2005-2013, from 30% to 43%

Question 29

Factors associated with EXERCISE

Age, education, SES, location

Answer 29

Age -> younger (are more likely to meet guidelines)
SES -> higher (are more likely to meet guidelines)
Education -> higher (are more likely to meet guidelines)
Location -> major cities (are more likely to meet guidelines)

Question 30

Why exercise and not exercise? Internal and external

Answer 30

Internal constraints: self-efficacy, lack of interest and enjoyment

External constraints: time constraints, modelling from family, social support, active environment

Question 31

What are the HEALTHY DIET recommendations for women and men

Answer 31

2 serves a fruit a day (150g), 5 serves of cooked veggies (75g)

Question 32

What does HEALTHY EATING reduce the risk of?

Answer 32

Coronary heart disease
Stroke
Lung Cancer

Question 33

What is the Prevalence among adults for HEALTH EATING (meeting fruit guidelines and meeting vegetable guidelines)

Answer 33

Decreasing in meeting fruit guidelines (54% -> 49%)

Decreased in meeting veggie guidelines from 2005 to 2012 (14% to 6%)

Question 34

What are the Factors associated with HEALTHY EATING

SES, age

Answer 34

SES -> higher it is more likely to meet guidelines

Age -> yougner have higher consumption, once over 55+ it goes up again

Question 35

Why not F & V?

Answer 35

Parental socialisation: permissiveness; feeding practices (Vereecken et al., 2010)

Perceived and/or actual barriers - lack of knowledge and skills, length of preparation, cost and availability

Misinformation - consumers reluctant to eat vegetarian because of perceived lack of nutrients

Question 36

Why do people eat F & V? as found by Pearson, Ball and Crawford (2011)

Answer 36

Vegetables : peer support, self-efficacy, perceived availability of F&V in the home

Fruit: healthy eating value, modelling by mother, high self-efficacy, perceived vailaiblity of energy-dense food in the home

Question 37

What are the recommendations of HPV VACCINATION

Answer 37

3 vaccinations ideally before sexually active - dramatically reducing the incidence of HPV virus in Australia by 2013

Question 38

What does HPV VACCINATION decrease the risk of?

Answer 38

Protects against HPV types 16 and 18: amongst cancers attributable to HPV
- Cervical cancers, vaginal cancers, mouth cancers, penile and anal cancers

Question 39

What is the Prevalence of people who have had all 3 HPV VACCINATIONS

Answer 39

Younger girls have had all 3 vaccinations (after national HPV program)

2006 to 2011, 71% girls vs 33% of women 18-26

Question 40

What are the Factors associated with HPV VACCINATION uptake

Answer 40

SES -> lower also have higher rates of cervical cancer and HPV

Health insurance status

Program location (higher for school-based population)

Recommendation by health care professional

Parental concern of side effects - safety and side effects, initiation of early sexual behaviour (not really a concern)

Question 41

What can health behaviours do?

Answer 41

Increase (health risk behaviours) or decrease (health-enhancing behaviours) our risk of specific long-term illness

Question 42

How are the rates of Australia changing in terms of health?

Answer 42

They mostly appear to be changing for the healthier (caveat, F&V, sub populations)

Question 43

What are some important factors to consider when developing internvetions?

Answer 43

Engagement in the behaviours varies along demographic and psychosocial aspects