Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC3020 > 18 Healthcare disparities and adjustment to illness > Flashcards

18 Healthcare disparities and adjustment to illness Flashcards

1
Q

What are the adjustments to illness?

A

Presents challenges to individuals

-changes over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an adjustment to illness required to deal with?

A
  • Uncertainty
  • Disruption
  • Striving for recovery
  • Restoration of wellbeing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the stages in adjusting to illness?

A
  • Initial response e.g. disbelief, denial and shock
  • Dysphoria e.g. coming to terms with the diagnosis
  • Adaptation e.g. lasts a varying period of time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do we know about health differences in Australia?

A
  • Similarly, people who occupy minority roles in society as a result of ethnic or to her factors may experience more illness or die earlier than the majority population
  • Findings that women live longer than men may be as much the result of social and psychological factors as biological ones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the leading causes of death in Australia?

A
  1. Coronary heart disease
  2. Dementia and Alzheimer disease
  3. Cerebrovascular disease
  4. Lung Cancer
  5. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are all the leading illnesses impacted by?

A

Lifestyle factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the health differentials either within countries and between countries?

A

In general, the richer the country, the longer its population lives and the longer it’s equivalent of full health is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the assumption that everyone can read and the study involved

A
  • Majority of people in Australia are in level 3 (minimum required for an individual to meet the complex demands of everyday life)
  • A third of the population is less than level 3
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How does the impact of poverty on health affect life span?

A

People who live in developing countries live significantly shorter lives than those who live in more afficient countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the contributing factors on the impact of poverty on health?

A

They are economic, environmental and social lack of safer water, poor sanitation, inadequate diet and poor access to health care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the problem that developing countries are facing?

A

HIV, infection and AIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the health inequalities

A

This can be found in both rich and poor countries
- Are likely to be the consequence of social, economic, educational land environmental differences e.g. lack of safe water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Can health inequalities be changed?

A
  • Maybe amenable to reduction by intervention at a societal level
  • Must have the will to change it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the impact of poverty on health?

A
  • In industrialised countries, richer people live longer and have less illness than the economically less able
  • There is a linear relationship between income and health
  • If we look at the underlying structural determinants the inequalities in moving about: how you transport places
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some subtle differences may also impact health in what ways?

A

Marmot, Davey-Smith * Stansfield (1991): middle-class executives who own one care are more likely to die earlier than equivalent earners with two cars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Has homelessness increased/decreased in Australia?

A

It has increased by 13.7% in 5 years

  • 58% male, 42% female
  • 20% Indigenous Australians
  • 30% born overseas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do people stay in terms of homelessness in Australia?

A
  • Improvised dwellings, tents or sleeping out 7%
  • Supported accommodation for the homeless 18%
  • Staying temporarily with other households 15%
  • Boarding houses 15%
  • Other temporary lodgings 1%
  • Severely overcrowded dwellings 44%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the social determinants of ill health?

A

Recent evidence has three components, mostly linked

  • Improvement in life expectancy, going for 100 years, has slowed since 2010
  • Health inequalities, which probably become smaller during the 2000s, have grown again since 2012
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the life expectancy within countries in 2010-12?

A
  • Indigenous males 10.6 years lower than non-indigenous

- Indigenous females 9.5 years lower than non-indigenous

20
Q

What is the explanation for the USA which fares badly on the expectancy being the exception to the rule?

A

USA is below the OECD average for life expectancy.

  • Some social groups have extremely poor health
  • Leading country for tobacco
  • High incidences of homicides compared to other countries
21
Q

Explain the health inequalities within countries?

A

This is a problem within rich countries and a failure of health care systems. It is a technical problem to be addressed by improving access to services among those with poorer health. Lifestyle, behavioural or cultural differences between socio-economic or ethnic groups that can be solved through health education and promotion - possibly also genetic differences between groups

22
Q

Explain the variations of ethnic minority groups?

A
  • Deaths from lung cancer and breast cancer were higher in UK and irish born residents but skin cancer was lower
  • People born in Asia had significantly higher rates of mortality from infectious diseases, diabetes and homicide than the Australian born population
23
Q

With the exception of indigenous Australians, in what ways are minority groups in Australia different to minority groups in the UK or USA for example

A

A very controlled approach to migration

24
Q

What is the ‘Healthy Migrant’ effect?

A

The majority of people who migrate to Australia are as healthy if not healthier than the Australian born population

25
Q

What effects do social class have in mortality rates?

A
  • Lawson and Black (1993) found that marked differences in death rates according to social class exist
  • If men of all social classes had the same mortality experiences as higher social class men the overall death rates of Australian men would be reduced by 60%
26
Q

What is the most important indicator of health status among Australians?

A

Socioeconomic status

27
Q

What are health inequalities?

A

Differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups -> designate differences or variations in the health achievements of individuals and groups.

28
Q

What is the evidence of health inequalities?

A
  • Clear health inequalities between and within countries -> the richer the country, the longer its population lives, longer its equivalent full-time health
29
Q

Explain the effects of socioeconomic status on health outcomes and name the models related to this

A
  • Poverty linked with poorer health outcomes – lower deprivations have higher years of healthy life expectancy

Social Causation Model and Social Drift Model

30
Q

What is the Social Causation Model?

A

Low SES causes health problems -> there is something about occupying a low socioeconomic position that negatively influences the health of people

31
Q

Which model does evidence tend to support and why?

A

Evidence tends to support this model more strongly because health status does not predict SES, but SES measures predict subsequent health status

32
Q

What is the Social Drift Model?

A

Health problems cause low SES -> when people develop a health problem they drift down the socioeconomic scale

33
Q

What effect does the environment have on SES?

A

People of lower SES more likely to be exposed to health-damaging environments e.g. working in dangerous environments have more accidents, lower quality houses (mould, dampness, lead exposure), high levels of air pollution

34
Q

What are the different health behaviours for lower SES?

A

People of lower SES more likely to engage in some health risk behaviours e.g. smoke more, eat a less healthy diet, less exercise

However, these differences do not provide the whole explanation for the health differentials

35
Q

What are the psychosocial factors of lower SES on health?

A

Experience more stress than people of higher SES and often have fewer personal resources to help them cope with stress -> which can impact health

36
Q

What type of stress, strain and depression could be happening at the childhood stage? (Carrol, Davey-Smith & Bennett, 1996)

A
  • Family instability
  • Overcrowding
  • Poor diet
  • Restricted educational opportunities
37
Q

What type of stress, strain and depression could be happening at the Adolescence stage? (Carrol, Davey-Smith & Bennett, 1996)

A
  • Family strife
  • Exposure to smoking and own smoking
  • Leaving school with poor qualifications
  • Experiencing unemployment or low-paid and insecure jobs
38
Q

What type of stress, strain and depression could be happening at the Adulthood stage? (Carrol, Davey-Smith & Bennett, 1996)

A
  • Working in hazardous conditions
  • Financial insecurity
  • Periods of unemployment
  • Low levels of control over work or home life
  • Negative social interactions
39
Q

What type of stress, strain and depression could be happening at the Older age stage? (Carrol, Davey-Smith & Bennett, 1996)

A
  • None or small occupational pension
  • Inadequate heating
  • Inadequate food
40
Q

What is Hobfoll & Lilly (1993) conservation of resources model?

A

Mental and physical health is determined by the number of resources available to the individual

  • Economic (e.g. job, income)
  • Social (e.g. family support)
  • Structural (e.g. housing)
  • Psychological (e.g. coping skills, perceived control)
41
Q

How are indigenous Australians affected by this?

A
  • Have higher unemployment
  • Poorer housing conditions
  • Are less likely to have access to higher education
42
Q

What does the conservation of resources model explain?

A
  • High levels of resources are health-protective

- Low levels of resources place an individual at risk for health problems

43
Q

Access to health care services in Australia is mediated by several factors, what are they?

A
  • Services availability
  • Access to health care services
  • Elective procedures
44
Q

Name some ways of reducing inequalities in health

A

This should involve different levels of intervention (Whitehead, 1995)

  • Strengthening individuals
  • Strengthening communities
  • Improving access to essential facilitites and services
  • Encouraging macro-economic and cultural change
45
Q

What type of impact can minority status have on health?

A

Can impact variety of issues e.g. language, religion, migration, culture, ancestry, forms of identity (should not be considered one entity as there are variations within that group) -> healthy migrant effect in Australia – migrants are as healthy or healthier than Australian-born population which are different to refugee minorities or aboriginal and Torres Strait islanders.

PSYC3020 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions