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A-Level History - Germany > 2 - Impact of Versailles on Germany > Flashcards

2 - Impact of Versailles on Germany Flashcards

1
Q

Why did Germany need a full peace settlement?

A

They were on the brink of defeat and didn’t want to surrender and risk being punished heavily.

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2
Q

When were Germany allowed to see the terms of the treaty?

A

7th May, when the treaty had been discussed since January

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3
Q

How long did Germany have to accept the treaty?

A

7 days

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4
Q

When was the treaty signed?

A

28th June

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5
Q

How did Germany feel about the treaty?

A

Resentment towards those who signed it, which ended up causing political divisions.

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6
Q

What did Diktat mean?

A

Dictated peace

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7
Q

What were the features of the Territorial Losses?

A
  • 70,000km^2 of land removed (13%)
  • Alsace Lorraine back to France
  • Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium
  • West Prussia and Polish corridor to Poland
  • 75% iron ore, 26% coal and 68% zinc lost
  • Danzig a free state
  • Memel to Lithuania
  • Northen Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark
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8
Q

What happened to the Rhineland?

A
  • left bank demilitarised
  • 50km strip on right bank demilitarised
  • Allied army base to watch Germany
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9
Q

What happened to the Saarland in the ToV?

A
  • under control of the league for 15 years
  • Germany would supply France, Belgium and Italy with free coal from it
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10
Q

What were the terms of disarmament?

A
  • surrender all heavy weapons and forts in Rhineland and island of Heligoland
  • 100,000 men in army
  • no air force
  • no tanks or gas
  • 15,000 men in navy
  • 6 battleships and no submarines, small amount of coastal defence vessels
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11
Q

What was the war guilt clause?

A
  • £6.6 billion in reparations
  • Article 231 accept full blame
  • hand over merchant shipping fleet, railway locomotives and overseas investments
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12
Q

What were the other terms of the treaty?

A
  • no Anchluss
  • no LoN
  • Kaiser and other German officials on trial
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13
Q

How had Germans felt betrayed?

A
  • they didn’t know the state of the war
  • they had been supporting the war effort
  • peace treaty had humiliated them
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14
Q

How did propaganda and abdication help create a strong sense of shock?

A
  • still creating “winning” propaganda even in 1918
  • they felt they were doing well in war
  • were not aware of the state of war
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15
Q

What were Germany’s main complaints regarding the treaty?

A
  • 14 points stressed self determination
  • Reparations were too high
  • Germans in non German states
  • German pride banned in Alsace Lorraine
  • banned from league
  • war guilt clause, a just war?
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16
Q

Which parts of Wilson’s 14 points should have implied that the treaty would be severe?

A
  • an independent Poland
  • Alsace Lorraine
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17
Q

What points make Germany’s complaints unjustified?

A
  • not as harsh France wanted
  • Wilson’s 14 points
  • Germany had planned on treating allies the same if they’d succeeded
  • reparations were lower than demanded
  • Germany wasn’t punished as badly as Russia in Brest-Litovsk
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18
Q

What happened in May 1919 with the treaty?

A
  • terms of ToV revealed to Germany
  • 7 days to sign
  • Chancellor Schidemann agreed they couldn’t sign
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19
Q

What was the political fracture of 1919?

A

Schidemann wanted to reject the treaty but the majority of the cabinet disagreed with this.

20
Q

Why did Schidemann resign and who replaced him?

A

Due to the political fracture and he was replaced by Gustav Bauer.

21
Q

What seemed possible early on with the treaty?

A

Amendments to be made

22
Q

How did some high ranking officers feel about the treaty?

A

That they could start the war back up to avoid accepting the treaty.

23
Q

How did Ebert feel about the high ranking officer’s plan?

A

If it was realistic he would support it.

24
Q

Why was the war not restarted?

A

General Groener agreed it wouldn’t work.

25
Q

When looking at source questions, what should you remember?

A
  • Agenda
  • Experience
  • Viewpoint
26
Q

What was the policy of fulfilment?

A

To openly comply with the terms of the treaty with the aims of modification.

27
Q

Who was alienated by the treaty?

A

People who had accepted the “new Germany” and supported the constitution had felt betrayed.

28
Q

How did Germans feel about the signing?

A

It made the gains of the revolution feel unimpressive and they made the politicians who signed defend themselves.

29
Q

Why was the treaty so difficult for those on the right to accept?

A

Germany’s military defeat and the new republic.

30
Q

What revolutionary ideas did the right have?

A
  • politicians lacked legitimacy
  • betrayed the ‘fatherland’
  • de-throned the Kaiser
31
Q

What was the stab in the back?

A

The betrayal of the signing of the treaty while Germans were fighting on the front.

32
Q

Why did army officials push the stab in the back?

A

To push the blame off themselves and onto the politicians.

33
Q

Which of president Wilson’s 14 points did Germany feel implied that they would be well treated?

A

Point 4 - all countries to reduce armaments
Point 3 - an end to custom duties

34
Q

Why was the treaty justified?

A
  • Point 8 clearly stated Alsace Lorraine would return to France
  • Clemenceau wanted the treaty to be harsher
  • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk treated Russia much worse
  • Germany’s war aims showed that they wanted to treat the allies the same way, if they had won
  • Reparations bill was lower than France demanded and was in their capacity to pay
35
Q

When Schidemann saw the treaty in May 1919, what happened?

A
  • He agreed they couldn’t sign
  • He rejected the treaty but most of the cabinet disagreed which was a political fracture
  • He resigns as chancellor and Bauer takes over
36
Q

What was the plan of some high ranking army officials after seeing the treaty?

A
  • To resist the treaty and start the war back up again
  • Ebert said he would consider if it would be effective
  • General Groener says it won’t work, so treaty is signed
37
Q

What was the policy of fulfilment?

A

To outwardly comply with the terms in order to negotiate changes to it.

38
Q

Who did policy of fulfilment alienate?

A

People who had been happy to accept the new Germany but didn’t want to support a government with politicians who had betrayed them.

39
Q

What was the public’s reaction to the treaty of Versailles?

A

The gains of the revolution felt unimpressive and associated the centre of government with failure.

40
Q

Why was the treaty so difficult to accept for the right?

A
  • the military defeat
  • establishment of a new republic
41
Q

What revolutionary ideas did the right have about the Republic?

A
  • politicians lacked legitimacy as they had betrayed the fatherland many times
42
Q

Who were the ‘november criminals’ ?

A

The politicians who had agreed to the treaty of Versailles as they had ‘stabbed in the back’.

43
Q

Why did army officials stir up this rumour and promote it?

A

It took the blame off the army for the failure of the war.

44
Q

How did Britain feel about ToV?

A
  • public satisfied that Germany had lost it’s overseas empire
  • Lloyd George felt Germany shouldn’t be so weak as he wanted them to resist USSR
  • many public felt that it was too harsh and France had been greedy
  • economist, Maynard Keynes ‘one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom’
45
Q

How did France feel about ToV?

A
  • had suffered the most in war
  • their key territory demands and reparations had been met
  • Clemenceau was criticised for being too lenient
  • he lost his next election because of it
  • Marshal Foch, wartime military commander said ‘this is not peace. it is an armistice for 20 years’
46
Q

How did USA feel about ToV?

A

A-Level History - Germany (24 decks)

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