2.

Question 1

1. Which of the following is the primary function of the innate immune response?
   a) To target specific pathogens with antibodies
   b) To eliminate pathogens using phagocytes and macrophages
   c) To enhance long-term immunity via memory cells
   d) To produce immunoglobulins in response to pathogens

Answer 1

B

Question 2

2. What type of receptor on host cells recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)?
   a) Cytokine receptors
   b) Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
   c) B-cell receptors
   d) Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) receptors

Answer 2

B

Question 3

3. Which toll-like receptor recognizes gram-negative bacteria?
   a) TLR-2
   b) TLR-3
   c) TLR-4
   d) TLR-9

Answer 3

C

Question 4

4. What is the primary function of neutrophils in the innate immune response?
   a) To release antibodies
   b) To phagocytose pathogens, degranulate, or undergo NETosis
   c) To activate the adaptive immune system
   d) To activate T-cells

Answer 4

B

Question 5

5. Which of the following is a primary characteristic of the adaptive immune response?
   a) It is immediate and non-specific
   b) It involves B-cells and T-cells targeting specific pathogens
   c) It involves the activation of toll-like receptors
   d) It relies on complement activation to clear pathogens

Answer 5

B

Question 6

6. What type of immunoglobulin is produced during the primary immune response?
   a) IgA
   b) IgG
   c) IgM
   d) IgE

Answer 6

C

Question 7

7. Which cells are responsible for recognizing and killing virally infected cells in the adaptive immune response?
   a) B-cells
   b) CD4+ T-cells
   c) CD8+ T-cells
   d) Neutrophils

Answer 7

C

Question 8

8. What is the key difference between the primary and secondary immune response?
   a) The secondary response is slower and has lower affinity antibodies
   b) The primary response produces IgG, while the secondary response produces IgM
   c) The secondary response is faster, longer-lasting, and has a higher affinity for pathogens
   d) There is no difference between the primary and secondary responses

Answer 8

C

Question 9

9. What is the mechanism behind sepsis?
   a) The infection directly causes organ failure
   b) The body’s immune response to infection becomes maladaptive, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage
   c) The body’s immune system fails to recognize the pathogen
   d) The infection results in immune suppression and bacterial growth

Answer 9

B

Question 10

10. What is the hallmark of septic shock?
    a) High blood pressure despite treatment with fluids
    b) Extreme hypotension despite intravenous fluid administration
    c) Elevated body temperature and a high white blood cell count
    d) Absence of inflammation and organ failure

Answer 10

B

Question 11

11. In the context of sepsis, what causes the extreme hypotension seen in septic shock?
    a) Loss of systemic vascular resistance due to vasodilation and high vascular permeability
    b) Overproduction of immune cells that block blood vessels
    c) A decrease in blood volume due to bacterial replication
    d) Impaired clotting leading to excessive blood loss

Answer 11

A

Question 12

12. What is the term used to describe the excessive release of cytokines during sepsis?
    a) Cytokine storm
    b) Immune paralysis
    c) Inflammatory cascade
    d) Coagulation activation

Answer 12

A

Question 13

13. Which of the following is an important diagnostic tool for assessing the severity of sepsis?
    a) qSOFA score
    b) Chest X-ray
    c) White blood cell count
    d) Blood pressure monitoring alone

Answer 13

A

Question 14

14. Which of the following is part of the Sepsis 6 treatment bundle?
    a) Administering vaccines
    b) Administering intravenous fluids and oxygen
    c) Only measuring blood pressure
    d) Avoiding the use of antibiotics

Answer 14

B

Question 15

15. What causes Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) in sepsis?
    a) Excessive blood clotting leading to microvascular thrombosis and organ ischemia
    b) Decreased blood pressure leading to hemorrhage
    c) Reduced production of clotting factors leading to bleeding
    d) Excessive formation of antibodies against the pathogen

Answer 15

A

Question 16

16. How does sepsis affect the coagulation pathway?
    a) It enhances the production of anticoagulants
    b) It inhibits the activation of thrombin
    c) It upregulates Plasminogen-Activator Inhibitor, leading to microvascular thrombosis
    d) It prevents the activation of the complement cascade

Answer 16

C

Question 17

17. What role does the sympathetic nervous system play during sepsis?
    a) It suppresses the immune response
    b) It increases heart rate and helps deliver blood faster
    c) It prevents vascular permeability
    d) It decreases the production of cytokines

Answer 17

B

Question 18

18. What is the main function of the complement cascade in the innate immune response?
    a) To produce antibodies for pathogen neutralization
    b) To destroy pathogens through lysis and recruit inflammatory cells
    c) To stimulate T-cell activation
    d) To increase the production of histamine

Answer 18

B

Question 19

19. What is the typical result of a prolonged hyperactive immune response in sepsis?
    a) Suppression of the immune system
    b) Protection against pathogen reinfection
    c) Excessive inflammation, clotting, and tissue damage leading to organ failure
    d) No significant effect on the host

Answer 19

C

Question 20

20. What can the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) during sepsis lead to?
    a) Suppression of mast cell activation
    b) Further stimulation of immune responses and inflammation
    c) Reduced vascular permeability
    d) Inhibition of cytokine production

Answer 20

B