12

Question 1

1. What is the main goal of antimicrobial stewardship?
   a) To ensure all patients receive antibiotics as soon as possible
   b) To minimize the development of antibiotic resistance
   c) To use antibiotics for all infections, regardless of cause
   d) To prevent all infections from occurring
   e) To eliminate the need for antibiotics

Answer 1

B

Question 2

2. Which of the following is an example of a mechanism of antimicrobial resistance that involves the bacteria producing enzymes to degrade the antibiotic?
   a) Efflux pumps
   b) Alteration of bacterial cell permeability
   c) Drug-modifying enzymes
   d) Metabolic bypass
   e) Resistance due to alterations in target molecules

Answer 2

C

Question 3

3. What is the primary reason for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistance to methicillin?
   a) Production of drug-modifying enzymes
   b) Alteration of target molecules
   c) Efflux pump activity
   d) Increased permeability to antibiotics
   e) Metabolic bypass

Answer 3

B

Question 4

4. What is the term for bacterial resistance that emerges during antibiotic treatment due to suppression of a gene, which is later upregulated in the presence of the antibiotic?
   a) Acquired resistance
   b) Transferable resistance
   c) Innate resistance
   d) Mutational resistance
   e) Inducible resistance

Answer 4

E

Question 5

5. Which of the following is the most likely cause of multi-drug resistance in bacteria?
   a) Use of a single antibiotic
   b) The emergence of a single resistance gene
   c) Bacteria showing resistance to two or more antibiotics
   d) Inadequate dosing of antibiotics
   e) Lack of infection control measures

Answer 5

C

Question 6

6. Which of the following is a method to optimize antimicrobial therapy at the individual level in antimicrobial stewardship?
   a) Overprescribing antibiotics to prevent infection
   b) Ensuring prolonged use of antibiotics to clear all infections
   c) Judicious antibiotic prescribing based on infection type
   d) Using antibiotics for all patients with suspected infections
   e) Avoiding any use of antibiotics for non-severe infections

Answer 6

C

Question 7

7. Which test measures the minimum concentration of an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth in vitro?
   a) Disc diffusion testing
   b) Polymerase chain reaction
   c) Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) testing
   d) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
   e) Bacterial growth curve analysis

Answer 7

C

Question 8

8. Which of the following mechanisms of resistance involves bacteria modifying the structure of their cell wall to prevent antibiotic entry?
   a) Efflux pumps
   b) Alterations in target molecules
   c) Alterations to bacterial cell permeability
   d) Metabolic bypass
   e) Drug-modifying enzymes

Answer 8

C

Question 9

9. Which of the following is true about the difference between microbiological susceptibility and clinical susceptibility?
   a) Microbiological susceptibility refers to the clinical response to treatment, while clinical susceptibility refers to laboratory testing.
   b) Microbiological susceptibility involves laboratory testing to identify if bacteria can be inhibited by an antibiotic.
   c) Clinical susceptibility only refers to whether an infection responds to standard treatment, regardless of laboratory results.
   d) Both microbiological and clinical susceptibility are determined by patient symptoms only.
   e) Microbiological susceptibility refers to whether an antibiotic is effective in the laboratory, but clinical susceptibility is about whether it works in practice.

Answer 9

E

Question 10

10. Which of the following bacterial resistance mechanisms involves bacteria pumping antibiotics out of the cell, potentially leading to resistance against multiple drugs?
    a) Drug-modifying enzymes
    b) Alterations to bacterial cell permeability
    c) Efflux pumps
    d) Metabolic bypass
    e) Alterations in target molecules

Answer 10

C

Question 11

11. What is the impact of “minimum inhibitory concentration” (MIC) values on bacterial resistance?
    a) Higher MIC values indicate greater bacterial susceptibility to the antibiotic.
    b) Lower MIC values indicate higher bacterial resistance.
    c) The MIC is irrelevant to bacterial resistance.
    d) Higher MIC values indicate greater bacterial resistance to the antibiotic.
    e) MIC values only measure viral resistance, not bacterial.

Answer 11

D

Question 12

12. Which of the following bacterial species is inherently resistant to glycopeptides like Vancomycin?
    a) Streptococcus pneumoniae
    b) Staphylococcus aureus
    c) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    d) Escherichia coli
    e) All gram-negative bacteria

Answer 12

E

Question 13

13. Which of the following is an example of a non-antibiotic therapy approach to combat antimicrobial resistance?
    a) Phage therapy
    b) Beta-lactam antibiotics
    c) Sulfonamide antibiotics
    d) Aminoglycoside antibiotics
    e) Metronidazole

Answer 13

A

Question 14

14. What is the role of antibiotic stewardship programs in healthcare systems?
    a) To reduce the cost of antibiotics for patients
    b) To ensure that antibiotics are used to treat all infections, regardless of cause
    c) To promote and monitor the appropriate use of antibiotics to preserve their future effectiveness
    d) To increase the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
    e) To reduce infection rates without considering antibiotic resistance

Answer 14

C

Question 15

15. Which of the following is NOT a potential mechanism of antibiotic resistance in bacteria?
    a) Metabolic bypass of the folate metabolism pathway
    b) Use of ribosomal modifications to resist protein synthesis inhibitors
    c) Increase in bacterial permeability to antibiotics
    d) Production of efflux pumps to pump antibiotics out
    e) Production of enzymes to degrade antibiotics

Answer 15

C

Question 16

16. Which of the following best describes “mutational resistance” in bacteria?
    a) Resistance that develops when bacteria acquire genes from other bacteria
    b) Resistance due to bacteria acquiring mutations in their genetic material over time
    c) Resistance to antibiotics that occurs through the suppression of an efflux pump
    d) Resistance that is inherited through generations of bacterial replication without any changes to the genome
    e) Resistance due to bacterial exposure to specific antibiotics only

Answer 16

B

Question 17

17. What is the role of infection control measures in antimicrobial stewardship?
    a) To ensure the overuse of antibiotics in hospitalized patients
    b) To minimize the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant infections
    c) To limit antibiotic access to only specific hospital staff
    d) To treat infections with the broadest spectrum antibiotics available
    e) To allow unrestricted antibiotic use to prevent infections

Answer 17

B

Question 18

18. Which of the following strategies is most effective in preventing the emergence of antibiotic resistance?
    a) Completing the full course of antibiotics as prescribed
    b) Using antibiotics for all infections, regardless of the pathogen
    c) Using antibiotics for viral infections
    d) Prescribing the most potent antibiotics available for mild infections
    e) Overprescribing broad-spectrum antibiotics

Answer 18

A