1.Kafli Flashcards
Hegðun
Sýnileg hegðun
Hugsun
Fyrirbæri og hugferlar sem ekki sjást með berum augum
Félasleg hugsmíðahyggja
Að félagsleg hugtök séu hugsmíðar (constructs) - Barnæska, félagslyndi, kynímynd
Hugsmíði
Hugtak sem sést ekki með berum augum en er skilgreint með mæliaðferðum - Þunglyndi, afl, hiti, námsgeta
Aðferðaskilgreining
Þunglyndi skilgreint sem skor á kvarða: hiti skilgreindur í celcius gráðum
Grunnrannsóknir (Basic research)
- Hrein þekkingarleit, þekkingarleitinnar vegna
- Grunnur að hagnýtingu, en hagnýtingin ekki markmiðið
- Minni, sjónskynjun, nám, taugavirkni
Hagnýtar rannsóknir (Applied research)
- Hannaðar til beinnar notkunar
- Samanburður á kennsluaðferðum, hönnun umferðaskilta, fortölur (auglýsingasálfræði)
Skýringarþrep (level of analysis)
Þrepið sem viðfangsefnið er rannsakað á. Skýringarnar afmarkast af þrepinu.
Dæmi um skýringarþrep
- Lífeðlislegt: heilaferli og áhrif erfða
- Sálrænt/geðrænt: hugsanir, tilfinningar
- Félagslegt: áhrif umhvefis (fjölskyldu, menningarkima, fjölmiðla, menning stærri hópa)
Dæmi um blandað skýringarþrep
Hlutverk erfða og aðbúðar í mótun persónuleika
Which early behaviourist proposed that responses followed by satisfying consequences become more likely to recur?
Edward Thorndike
What term refers to action and responses that can be measured directly?
Behaviours
What term refers to thoughts and feelings who must be inferred from directly observable responses?
Mental processes
What is a good way of questioning a construct?
Deconstructing it and applying different perspectives
True of false? Gender is a social construct and therefore the way it is understood may vary between cultures
True
What is the broad definition of psychology?
Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and the mind
The classic Robber´s Cave study is an example of basic research because?
It´s goal was to discover the general principles of intergroup prejudice and not to solve a problem
Identify one way in which fake news spreads that would not have been so readily available 50 years ago?
The ease and speed of circulation via social networking
The Robber´s Cave study showed how hostility between groups could be bred by competition. This seminal work inspired applied research called the “jigsaw program”. This is an example of how..?
Basic research can provide a foundation to inform applied research into intervention.
Social construtivism often involves?
examining language and concepts
One of the central goals of psychology is to predict?
Human and animal behaviour
What is an example of a social construct?
Gender
The levels of analysis approach takes into account a person´s..?
Biological, environmental and psychological factors
Applied research in psycological is often..?
The use of scientifical knowledge for the development of invention programmes
In Walter Cannon´s (142) levels of analysis, a cause of death is attributed to a victim´s stress hormones. What level of analysis is this an example of?
Biological
The jigsaw program is an example of what kind of research?
Applied research
What are the five central goals of psychology?
Describe - Observe and describe Explain - Their observations Predict - Future behviours Control - What happens Improve - Human welfare
The chemicals and neural circuits that control hunger and eating
Biological
The moods, attitudes and motives that affect eating
Psychological
The apperence and aroma of foods that affect eating
Environmental
The notion that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws that govern the body is referred to as..?
Mind-body dualism
What part of the brain did Descartes believe contributed to the interaction between the mind and body?
Pineal gland
Nurture refers to our..?
Environment
Nature refers to our..?
Biology
True or false: many early philosophers held a position of mind-body dualism, the belief that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to the physical laws that govern the body.
True, many early philosophers advocated dualism.
The belief that the mind and body act as “one” was advocated by..?
Thomas Hobbes
Why does 1879 mark an important year for psychology
Wundt established the first experimental laboratory
Which method of studying was used to understand sensations, believed to be the basic element of consciousness
Introspection
Psychodynamic theorists focus on what determinants of behaviour?
Subconscious
Psychoanalysis is centred on which aspect of psychology?
Unconscious
The technique of psychoanalysis emphasized which of the following?
Internal psychological forces
Repression is a defence mechanism that prevents us from remembering..?
Unpleasant feelings and memories
Freud thought that the role of unconscious defence mechanism was..?
To cope with anxiety and the pain of traumatic experience
How has modern psychodynamic theory changed in trying to understand life experiences ?
It downplays the role of unconscious sexual and aggressive motives
Most contemporary psychological scientists reject Freud´s version of the unconscious mind. However, many support the concept that..?
Behaviours can be triggered by non-conscious processes
Early behaviourists include?
Watson, Pavlov and Skinner
The school of thought that emphasises environmental control of behaviour through learning is known as..?
Behaviourism
B.F. Skinner believed that the real cause of behaviour reside in the..?
Outer world
Who was the founder of behaviourism and said that people are the products of their learning experiences?
Watson
Wendell Johnson´s (1939) study examined whether..?
Stuttering could be induced with negative feedback
Support for behaviourism fell in the 1970´s when an interest in studying what was expanded..?
When studying mental processes expanded
Cognitive behaviourism differed from the original behaviourist approach in that it included..?
Experiences that affected thoughts and expectations, which could then influence behaviour
True of false: B.F Skinner believed that the proper subject of psychology is observable behaviour rather than inner states, like motives or feelings
True, he believed that psychology should focus on observable behaviour
Which humanistic theorist proposed the notion of self-actualization?
Maslow
What is one of the greatest contributions that behaviourists have made to psychology?
The discover of basic laws of learning
Wundt and Titchener attempted to identify the basic structures of the mind. This approach became known as..?
Structuralism
In Wilhelm Wundt´s laboratory in the 1800´s, participants were exposed to different types of sensor stimuli and trained to describe their inner experiences, to “look within”. The best description of this is..?
Introspection
The functionalist movement held that psychology should study the functions of consciousness instead of its element. A leader in this movement was..?
William James
Psychoanalysis refers to the analysis of..?
Internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces
What theorists are more likely to look for the cause of behaviour in an interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another?
Psychodynamic
One controversy surrounding Freud´s psychodynamic theory was that it is..?
Difficult to test
The technique of psychoanalysis emphasised what?
Unconscious processing and internal psychological forces
Psychodynamic theorists focus on what determinants of behaviour?
Subconscious
One of the greatest criticisms of Freud´s psychodynamic theory was..?
He focused too much on childhood sexuality
Who was a famous student of Freud who contributed to the development og psychoanalysis, focusing on the concepts og introversion and extraversion
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Pshycoanalysis refers to the analysis of..?
Internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces
What theorists are more likely to look for the cause of behaviour in an interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another?
Psychodynamic theorists
Modern psychodynamic theory focuses on how..?
Early family relationships, other social factors and our sense of “self” shape our personality
What was Carl Jung´s contribution to psychoanalysis ?
Coining the concepts of introversion and extroversion
A therapist who believes that the important therapeutic goal is personal growth, and who extensively uses the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is most likely utilising what perspective?
The humanistic perspective
In the humanistic perspective the focus is on..?
The individual as a change agent in their own life
Cognitive behaviourism proposed what influences on behaviour?
- our expectations
- our thoughts
- the environment
- learning experiences
What does self-actualization refer to?
The reaching of one´s individual potential
Positive psychology emphasises the study of..?
Human strengths, fulfilment and optimal living
Not separating the sensory parts of an experience from the whole experience is an example of..?
Gestalt psychology
As well as believing that language and thoughts were closely linked, Vygotsky also proposed that..?
Social and cultural factors impact upon development
The field of psychology that focuses on topics like how to create a fulfilling life is called..?
Positive psychology
Renewed interest in studying cognitive processes was influenced by
Psychologists’ involvement in WW2 in designing information displays
Noam Chomsky’s research on language development led to a shift from explaining language in behavioural principles to explaining language based on..?
Cognitive principles
What perspective examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behaviour, thoughts and feelings?
Sociocultural
Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of..?
Mental processes
The sociocultural perspective examines behaviour by looking at..?
Culture, social norms, society and socialisation
Why is socialisation important to a culture
Socialisation is needed for a culture to endure over time
An example of behaviour genetics is..?
Breeding dogs for traits such as aggression and intelligence
Darwin’s theory of evolution was influenced by his..?
Observation that similar species showed different characteristics based on the environment they lived in
Karl Lashley’s research on rats, along with his measurement of surgically produced lesion, has led to..?
A better understanding of how to study the functions of different regions of the brain
Who greatly influenced behavioural neuroscience with his research on rats?
Karl Lashley
Neurotransmitters are..?
Chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another
What method is usually used when studying the psychodynamic perspective of human behaviour?
Intensive observations of personality processes in clinical settings, as well as some lab research
Cognitive psychology maintains that the human mind works in the same way as..?
an information processor
The study of neurotransmitters is important to current neuroscience because they..?
Allow us to understand more about normal behaviour and mental disorders
Depression is associated with a thinking style whereby the person interprets events pessimistically. What level of analysis does this represent ?
Psychological analysis
Social psychologists study how people..?
Influence one another and behave in groups
What is a validated measure of mindfulness?
The Mindful Assessment Awareness Scale
Psychology is an empirical discipline. What does the term empirical refer to?
Using direct observation over pure intuition or reasoning to study human behaviour
What was founded in 1951 to support psychology worldwide?
International Union of Psychological Science
Which psychological programme would be based on evidence-based public policy?
Violence prevention programmes in secondary schools throughout the UK
According to the data from the British Psychological Society Careers Destination Survey, the biggest percentage of psychologists worked in..?
Human health, education was the second highest percentage
Dr. Sun is studying depression and comes to the conclusion that it is influenced by multiple factors such as biology and environment. Dr. Sun’s research supports which framework?
Multiple levels of analysis
