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Almenn sálfræði > 1.Kafli > Flashcards

1.Kafli Flashcards

1
Q

Hegðun

A

Sýnileg hegðun

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2
Q

Hugsun

A

Fyrirbæri og hugferlar sem ekki sjást með berum augum

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3
Q

Félasleg hugsmíðahyggja

A

Að félagsleg hugtök séu hugsmíðar (constructs) - Barnæska, félagslyndi, kynímynd

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4
Q

Hugsmíði

A

Hugtak sem sést ekki með berum augum en er skilgreint með mæliaðferðum - Þunglyndi, afl, hiti, námsgeta

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5
Q

Aðferðaskilgreining

A

Þunglyndi skilgreint sem skor á kvarða: hiti skilgreindur í celcius gráðum

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6
Q

Grunnrannsóknir (Basic research)

A
  • Hrein þekkingarleit, þekkingarleitinnar vegna
  • Grunnur að hagnýtingu, en hagnýtingin ekki markmiðið
  • Minni, sjónskynjun, nám, taugavirkni
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7
Q

Hagnýtar rannsóknir (Applied research)

A
  • Hannaðar til beinnar notkunar

- Samanburður á kennsluaðferðum, hönnun umferðaskilta, fortölur (auglýsingasálfræði)

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8
Q

Skýringarþrep (level of analysis)

A

Þrepið sem viðfangsefnið er rannsakað á. Skýringarnar afmarkast af þrepinu.

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9
Q

Dæmi um skýringarþrep

A
  • Lífeðlislegt: heilaferli og áhrif erfða
  • Sálrænt/geðrænt: hugsanir, tilfinningar
  • Félagslegt: áhrif umhvefis (fjölskyldu, menningarkima, fjölmiðla, menning stærri hópa)
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10
Q

Dæmi um blandað skýringarþrep

A

Hlutverk erfða og aðbúðar í mótun persónuleika

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11
Q

Which early behaviourist proposed that responses followed by satisfying consequences become more likely to recur?

A

Edward Thorndike

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12
Q

What term refers to action and responses that can be measured directly?

A

Behaviours

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13
Q

What term refers to thoughts and feelings who must be inferred from directly observable responses?

A

Mental processes

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14
Q

What is a good way of questioning a construct?

A

Deconstructing it and applying different perspectives

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15
Q

True of false? Gender is a social construct and therefore the way it is understood may vary between cultures

A

True

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16
Q

What is the broad definition of psychology?

A

Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and the mind

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17
Q

The classic Robber´s Cave study is an example of basic research because?

A

It´s goal was to discover the general principles of intergroup prejudice and not to solve a problem

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18
Q

Identify one way in which fake news spreads that would not have been so readily available 50 years ago?

A

The ease and speed of circulation via social networking

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19
Q

The Robber´s Cave study showed how hostility between groups could be bred by competition. This seminal work inspired applied research called the “jigsaw program”. This is an example of how..?

A

Basic research can provide a foundation to inform applied research into intervention.

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20
Q

Social construtivism often involves?

A

examining language and concepts

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21
Q

One of the central goals of psychology is to predict?

A

Human and animal behaviour

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22
Q

What is an example of a social construct?

A

Gender

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23
Q

The levels of analysis approach takes into account a person´s..?

A

Biological, environmental and psychological factors

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24
Q

Applied research in psycological is often..?

A

The use of scientifical knowledge for the development of invention programmes

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25
Q

In Walter Cannon´s (142) levels of analysis, a cause of death is attributed to a victim´s stress hormones. What level of analysis is this an example of?

A

Biological

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26
Q

The jigsaw program is an example of what kind of research?

A

Applied research

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27
Q

What are the five central goals of psychology?

A 
Describe - Observe and describe
Explain - Their observations
Predict - Future behviours
Control - What happens
Improve - Human welfare
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28
Q

The chemicals and neural circuits that control hunger and eating

A

Biological

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29
Q

The moods, attitudes and motives that affect eating

A

Psychological

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30
Q

The apperence and aroma of foods that affect eating

A

Environmental

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31
Q

The notion that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to physical laws that govern the body is referred to as..?

A

Mind-body dualism

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32
Q

What part of the brain did Descartes believe contributed to the interaction between the mind and body?

A

Pineal gland

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33
Q

Nurture refers to our..?

A

Environment

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34
Q

Nature refers to our..?

A

Biology

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35
Q

True or false: many early philosophers held a position of mind-body dualism, the belief that the mind is a spiritual entity not subject to the physical laws that govern the body.

A

True, many early philosophers advocated dualism.

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36
Q

The belief that the mind and body act as “one” was advocated by..?

A

Thomas Hobbes

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37
Q

Why does 1879 mark an important year for psychology

A

Wundt established the first experimental laboratory

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38
Q

Which method of studying was used to understand sensations, believed to be the basic element of consciousness

A

Introspection

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39
Q

Psychodynamic theorists focus on what determinants of behaviour?

A

Subconscious

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40
Q

Psychoanalysis is centred on which aspect of psychology?

A

Unconscious

41
Q

The technique of psychoanalysis emphasized which of the following?

A

Internal psychological forces

42
Q

Repression is a defence mechanism that prevents us from remembering..?

A

Unpleasant feelings and memories

43
Q

Freud thought that the role of unconscious defence mechanism was..?

A

To cope with anxiety and the pain of traumatic experience

44
Q

How has modern psychodynamic theory changed in trying to understand life experiences ?

A

It downplays the role of unconscious sexual and aggressive motives

45
Q

Most contemporary psychological scientists reject Freud´s version of the unconscious mind. However, many support the concept that..?

A

Behaviours can be triggered by non-conscious processes

46
Q

Early behaviourists include?

A

Watson, Pavlov and Skinner

47
Q

The school of thought that emphasises environmental control of behaviour through learning is known as..?

A

Behaviourism

48
Q

B.F. Skinner believed that the real cause of behaviour reside in the..?

A

Outer world

49
Q

Who was the founder of behaviourism and said that people are the products of their learning experiences?

A

Watson

50
Q

Wendell Johnson´s (1939) study examined whether..?

A

Stuttering could be induced with negative feedback

51
Q

Support for behaviourism fell in the 1970´s when an interest in studying what was expanded..?

A

When studying mental processes expanded

52
Q

Cognitive behaviourism differed from the original behaviourist approach in that it included..?

A

Experiences that affected thoughts and expectations, which could then influence behaviour

53
Q

True of false: B.F Skinner believed that the proper subject of psychology is observable behaviour rather than inner states, like motives or feelings

A

True, he believed that psychology should focus on observable behaviour

54
Q

Which humanistic theorist proposed the notion of self-actualization?

A

Maslow

55
Q

What is one of the greatest contributions that behaviourists have made to psychology?

A

The discover of basic laws of learning

56
Q

Wundt and Titchener attempted to identify the basic structures of the mind. This approach became known as..?

A

Structuralism

57
Q

In Wilhelm Wundt´s laboratory in the 1800´s, participants were exposed to different types of sensor stimuli and trained to describe their inner experiences, to “look within”. The best description of this is..?

A

Introspection

58
Q

The functionalist movement held that psychology should study the functions of consciousness instead of its element. A leader in this movement was..?

A

William James

59
Q

Psychoanalysis refers to the analysis of..?

A

Internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces

60
Q

What theorists are more likely to look for the cause of behaviour in an interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another?

A

Psychodynamic

61
Q

One controversy surrounding Freud´s psychodynamic theory was that it is..?

A

Difficult to test

62
Q

The technique of psychoanalysis emphasised what?

A

Unconscious processing and internal psychological forces

63
Q

Psychodynamic theorists focus on what determinants of behaviour?

A

Subconscious

64
Q

One of the greatest criticisms of Freud´s psychodynamic theory was..?

A

He focused too much on childhood sexuality

65
Q

Who was a famous student of Freud who contributed to the development og psychoanalysis, focusing on the concepts og introversion and extraversion

A

Carl Jung (1875-1961)

66
Q

Pshycoanalysis refers to the analysis of..?

A

Internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces

67
Q

What theorists are more likely to look for the cause of behaviour in an interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another?

A

Psychodynamic theorists

68
Q

Modern psychodynamic theory focuses on how..?

A

Early family relationships, other social factors and our sense of “self” shape our personality

69
Q

What was Carl Jung´s contribution to psychoanalysis ?

A

Coining the concepts of introversion and extroversion

70
Q

A therapist who believes that the important therapeutic goal is personal growth, and who extensively uses the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is most likely utilising what perspective?

A

The humanistic perspective

71
Q

In the humanistic perspective the focus is on..?

A

The individual as a change agent in their own life

72
Q

Cognitive behaviourism proposed what influences on behaviour?

A
  • our expectations
  • our thoughts
  • the environment
  • learning experiences
73
Q

What does self-actualization refer to?

A

The reaching of one´s individual potential

74
Q

Positive psychology emphasises the study of..?

A

Human strengths, fulfilment and optimal living

75
Q

Not separating the sensory parts of an experience from the whole experience is an example of..?

A

Gestalt psychology

76
Q

As well as believing that language and thoughts were closely linked, Vygotsky also proposed that..?

A

Social and cultural factors impact upon development

77
Q

The field of psychology that focuses on topics like how to create a fulfilling life is called..?

A

Positive psychology

78
Q

Renewed interest in studying cognitive processes was influenced by

A

Psychologists’ involvement in WW2 in designing information displays

79
Q

Noam Chomsky’s research on language development led to a shift from explaining language in behavioural principles to explaining language based on..?

A

Cognitive principles

80
Q

What perspective examines how the social environment and cultural learning influence our behaviour, thoughts and feelings?

A

Sociocultural

81
Q

Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of..?

A

Mental processes

82
Q

The sociocultural perspective examines behaviour by looking at..?

A

Culture, social norms, society and socialisation

83
Q

Why is socialisation important to a culture

A

Socialisation is needed for a culture to endure over time

84
Q

An example of behaviour genetics is..?

A

Breeding dogs for traits such as aggression and intelligence

85
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution was influenced by his..?

A

Observation that similar species showed different characteristics based on the environment they lived in

86
Q

Karl Lashley’s research on rats, along with his measurement of surgically produced lesion, has led to..?

A

A better understanding of how to study the functions of different regions of the brain

87
Q

Who greatly influenced behavioural neuroscience with his research on rats?

A

Karl Lashley

88
Q

Neurotransmitters are..?

A

Chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with one another

89
Q

What method is usually used when studying the psychodynamic perspective of human behaviour?

A

Intensive observations of personality processes in clinical settings, as well as some lab research

90
Q

Cognitive psychology maintains that the human mind works in the same way as..?

A

an information processor

91
Q

The study of neurotransmitters is important to current neuroscience because they..?

A

Allow us to understand more about normal behaviour and mental disorders

92
Q

Depression is associated with a thinking style whereby the person interprets events pessimistically. What level of analysis does this represent ?

A

Psychological analysis

93
Q

Social psychologists study how people..?

A

Influence one another and behave in groups

94
Q

What is a validated measure of mindfulness?

A

The Mindful Assessment Awareness Scale

95
Q

Psychology is an empirical discipline. What does the term empirical refer to?

A

Using direct observation over pure intuition or reasoning to study human behaviour

96
Q

What was founded in 1951 to support psychology worldwide?

A

International Union of Psychological Science

97
Q

Which psychological programme would be based on evidence-based public policy?

A

Violence prevention programmes in secondary schools throughout the UK

98
Q

According to the data from the British Psychological Society Careers Destination Survey, the biggest percentage of psychologists worked in..?

A

Human health, education was the second highest percentage

99
Q

Dr. Sun is studying depression and comes to the conclusion that it is influenced by multiple factors such as biology and environment. Dr. Sun’s research supports which framework?

A

Multiple levels of analysis

Almenn sálfræði (13 decks)

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