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Almenn sálfræði > 10. Kafli > Flashcards

10. Kafli Flashcards

1
Q

Acquiring knowledge, reasoning effectively, and dealing adaptively with the environment is the definition for..?

A

Intelligence

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2
Q

The theory that eminent people had ‘inherited mental constitutions’ that made them more fit for thinking than their less successful counterparts was upheld by..?

A

Sir Francis Galton

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3
Q

Why was Alfred Binet commissioned by France’s Ministry of Public Education to develop a mental test?

A

Because certain children were not benefiting from normal public school

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4
Q

Which of the following are assumptions that Binet made in developing his intelligence tests?

A
  • Mental abilities develop with age

- The rate at which people gain mental competence is a characteristic of the person and is fairly constant over time

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5
Q

How did Alfred Binet determine measuring mental age?

A

He asked teachers what sorts of problems children could solve at different ages

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6
Q

Sir Francis Galton’s theory that eminent people had inherited mental constitutions that made them more fit than their less successful counterparts did not take into consideration..?

A

The people he studied came from privileged environments

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7
Q

How was Alfred Binet’s approach towards intelligence different from sir Francis Galton’s approach?

A

Alfred Binet was interested in solving a practical problem rather than supporting a theory

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8
Q

Which of the following is the formula for William Stern´s intelligence quotient (IQ)?

A

Ratio of mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100

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9
Q

Today’s intelligence tests no longer use the concept of mental age. Why is William Stern’s quotient obsolete?

A

Stern’s quotient is less useful for adults

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10
Q

Binet interviewed teachers regarding what sorts of problem children could solve at specific ages, then used their answers to develop a standardized interview. The result of the testing was a score called..?

A

Mental age

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11
Q

What would be a person’s average IQ score today based on a person’s performance relative to the scores of other people of the same age?

A

100

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12
Q

How did Terman revise Binet’s test?

A

Terman translated it into English and rewrote some items to improve relevance to American culture

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13
Q

What was the purpose for the Army Alpha?

A

To screen large numbers of US Army recruits for intellectual fitness

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14
Q

Which of the following is the way in which Stern calculated IQ?

A

IQ is made up from both chronological and mental age

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15
Q

How are the Wechsler tests different from previous IQ tests?

A

They measured related verbal and non-verbal abilities

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16
Q

Investigation about the structure of intelligence by Undheim and Gustafsson led to the proposal of a..?

A

Hierarchical model in Sweden

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17
Q

The focus on intelligence testing in China during the twentieth century was influences by the development of..?

A

The Chinese Intelligence Scale for Adults

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the cognitive processes approach used to study intelligence?

A

To study the specific thought processes that underlie mental competencies involved in testing

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19
Q

What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?

A

The statistical study of psychological tests

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20
Q

David Wechler developed a new intelligence test as he believed that the Stanford-Benet relied too much on..?

A

Verbal skills

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21
Q

High correlations are indicated by numbers that are closer to which number?

A

1

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22
Q

The adaptation of the ______ subsequently led to the developmental of the Chinese intelligence scale for adults (CISA).

A

WAIS

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23
Q

Which of the following psychological approaches toward intelligence attempts to map the structure of the intellect as well as discover the kinds of mental competencies that underlie test performances, rather than the thought processes that underlie those competencies?

A

The psychometric approach

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24
Q

What observation led Charles Spearman to advance the psychometric argument for intelligence?

A

That school grades in different subjects were almost always positively correlated but not perfectly

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25
Q

What did Spearman’s g factor refer to?

A

General intelligence

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26
Q

The g factor has been found to be a predictor of both..?

A
  • Academic and job performance

- Crystallized and fluid intelligence

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27
Q

Charles Spearman regarded correlations between verbal and mathematical abilities as evidence that..?

A

These abilities may be underpinned by a general mental capacity

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28
Q

Thurstone recognized that correlations are far from perfect, leading to the develoment of a theory he called..?

A

Primary mental abilities

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29
Q

Spearman maintained that since the g factor cut across all tasks, it constituted..?

A

The core of intelligence

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30
Q

Crystallized intelligence is the ability to..?

A

Apply previous acquired knowledge to current problems

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31
Q

Thurstone maintained that human mental performance depends not a general factor but on..?

A

Seven distinct abilities

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32
Q

Fluid intelligence involves inductive reasoning and..?

A

Problem solving skills

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33
Q

Long-term memory contributes strongly to which type of intelligence?

A

Crystallized intelligence

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34
Q

What factor is thought to underlie most mental activity?

A

g-factor

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35
Q

Cognitive theories of intelligence differ from psychometric approaches in that..?

A

Cognitive theories focus on why people differ from one another on intelligence

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36
Q

Rather than being dependent. on culture or context, fluid intelligence is dependent on..?

A

The efficient functioning of the nervous system

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37
Q

In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, what do metacomponents refer to?

A

The thinking processes needed to plan and regulate task performance

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38
Q

Which part of our memory system is particularly involved with fluid intelligence?

A

Working memory

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39
Q

The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities established which three levels of mental skills?

A

General, broad and narrow

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40
Q

What experience inspired Gardner to create his multiple intelligence theory?

A

His observations of how specific human abilities are affected by brain damage

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41
Q

According to Sternberg, which of the following make up the three different classes of problem solving?

A

Analytical, practical and creative intelligence

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42
Q

Vera loves to write stories both at school and at home during her free time. According to Gardner, Vera is mostly using her

A

Linguistic intelligence

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43
Q

One criticism of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences is that..?

A

Most of his intelligences are actually talents

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44
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)?

A

It measures specific tasks for four specific classes of emotion-detection and control abilities

45
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of the MSCEIT?

A

The scoring method yields high reliability among expert scorers

46
Q

According to Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, what people would be most likely to be high in naturalistic intelligence?

A
  • A botanist

- A veterinarian

47
Q

Which criticism did the term ‘emotional intelligence receive?

A

The concept of intelligence is stretched too far from its original focus

48
Q

Which of the following is used to measure of ‘perceiving emotions’ in the MSCEIT?

A

People’s accuracy when judging emotional expressions in facial photographs

49
Q

What is the difference between the WAIS-IV and the WISC-V intelligence tests?

A

WAIS-IV - for adults

WISC-V - for children

50
Q

Wechsler intelligence tests..

A
  • There are five summary scores

- These are the most popular individually administered intelligence tests in the US

51
Q

Which test is able to measure fluid and crystallized intelligence separately?

A

The Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test

52
Q

An achievement test measures..?

A

What a person has learned

53
Q

The first edition of the Stanford-Binet only provided a single IQ score, however, the current version samples and provides scores for a wider range of abilities including..?

A
  • Fluid resoning
  • Knowledge
  • Quantative reasoning
  • Visual-spatial processing
  • Working memory
54
Q

An aptitude test measures..?

A

The applicant’s potential for future learning

55
Q

There is considerable controversy in intelligence testing over what we should test for, should we test for_____, which is what a person knows, or for _____, which is thought to measure potential.

A

Achievement, aptitude

56
Q

Which of the following psychometric concepts would be necessary for a well-designed intelligence test?

A

Deciding which specific behaviours serve as indicators of intellectual abilities

57
Q

What term refers to the extent to which a test yields aa consistent, reproducible measure of performance?

A

Reliability

58
Q

If an IQ test is reliable, the the score we obtain should..?

A

Be closer to reflecting the underlying intelligence

59
Q

The consistency of measurement is referred to as..?

A

Reliability

60
Q

The stability of intelligence refers to research showing that..?

A

Intelligence is considerably stable across an individual’s lifespan

61
Q

If an IQ test is reliable, then the score we obtain should..?

A

Be closer to reflecting the underlying intelligence

62
Q

Which form of reliability had to do with consistency of measurement within the test itself?

A

Internal consistency

63
Q

When different people observe the same event and give the same score on a test, it is called..?

A

Inter-rate reliability

64
Q

Which of the following terms refers to how well a test actually measures what it is designed to measure?

A

Validity

65
Q

When a test successfully measures the psychological issue of interest, as indicated by relations between test scores and other behaviours, it is called..?

A

Construct validity

66
Q

In a research study, two psychologists independently score the same test. The process being used in this study is called..?

A

Inter-rate reliability

67
Q

The term used to refer to the ability of test scores to correlate with meaningful criterion measures is..?

A

Criterion-related validity

68
Q

What is the relationship between scores on intelligence tests and academic performance?

A

They show a strong positive correlation

69
Q

Why does intelligence predict longevity?

A

Cognitive ability may be a reflection of fitness to survive

70
Q

The development of norms and rigorously controlled testing procedures pertain to..?

A

Standardisation

71
Q

Identify one possible reason the Flynn effect (an increase in IQ scores across the world) has occurred ?

A

People are exposed to richer and more complex learning environments

72
Q

What is one consequence of the Flynn effect?

A

The intelligence score distribution has to be recalibrated if the average IQ is to remain at 100

73
Q

The term standardization has what two meanings?

A

Development of norms and rigorously controlled testing procedures

74
Q

What is a true statement regarding dynamic testing?

A

It is useful when testing people from other cultures who are not accustomed to taking Western-style tests

75
Q

What term describes traditional testing?

A

Static testing

76
Q

In Sternberg’s theory successful intelligence, intelligence is said to be..?

A

Adaptive to the demands of a given culture

77
Q

A non verbal test is created to measure fluid intelligence is called the..?

A

Raven Progressive Matrices Test

78
Q

What approach has been used to meet the challenges of cross-cultural intelligence assessment?

A

Creating measures that are tailored to the kinds of knowledge and skill that are valued in the particular culture the person being tested comes from

79
Q

Which of the following terms describe non-traditional testing?

A

Dynamic testing

80
Q

What two things contribute significantly to intelligence?

A

Environmental and genetic contribution

81
Q

What best describes the search for a single ‘intelligence gene’?

A

None has been found

82
Q

Adolescents with higher IQ have been found to have..?

A

More efficient neural processing

83
Q

What best describes the Raven Progressive Matrices Test?

A

It is a non-verbal measure that tests fluid intelligence

84
Q

An entirely genetic explanation for intelligence is ruled out by the finding that..?

A

IQ correlations for identical twins raised together are slightly higher than for identical twins raised apart

85
Q

What factor contributes to a child’s general intelligence score increaseing?

A

Having better-educated parents

86
Q

Biologically, what factors may influence IQ scores?

A

Brain regions and neurons

87
Q

What two are correct representations of the cognitive differences between men and women?

A
  • Men are slightly better on spatial tasks

- Women, on average, are better at verbal fluency

88
Q

Intelligence clearly has a genetic component with heritability coefficients ranging between _____ being reported consistency in both twin and adoption studies.

A

.50-.70

89
Q

What is a correlation of family socioeconomic status with general intelligence?

A

.40

90
Q

What is a teacher’s role in increasing student’s intelligence?

A

To avoid ‘teaching to’ and teach ‘how to’

91
Q

In their study of approximately 90,000 participants, Deary (2003) found that..?

A

There were no sex differences in mean IQ scores, but there was greater variability of the scores for males

92
Q

What is an environmental contribution to learning disorders?

A

Diseases such as rubella experienced during pregnancy

93
Q

Programmes that allow cognitively challenged children to attend school in regular classrooms and experience a more normal peer environment are known as..?

A

Mainstreaming and inclusion programmes

94
Q

According to biological explanations, when do sex differences in cognition begin?

A

Shortly after conception

95
Q

An english study by Strand reported that there was very little difference between males and females scores on the cognitive abilities test, but there was..?

A

A small difference on verbal reasoning with greater variability in male scores

96
Q

In addition to cognitive ability, our ____ can also determine how well we perform on intellectual and academic measures.

A

Beliefs

97
Q

How does socialization explain cognitive sex differences?

A

Boys and girls are exposed to different sex-typed activities

98
Q

Evolutionary theorists believe that cognitive sex differences occur due to..?

A

The development of sex-role specialisation in ancestral environments

99
Q

Rosenthal was one of the first researchers to study how..?

A

Teachers beliefs can impact children’s cognitive deveopment

100
Q

What is true regarding gifted children?

A

They are at the higher end of intelligence bell curve with an IQ of 130 or higher

101
Q

Renzulli’s study argued that eminent people are successful due to what?

A
  • High general intelligence
  • Motivation and dedication
  • Specific mental abilities related to one’s chosen field
102
Q

What describes a limitation in how schools address the needs of so-called gifted children?

A

Programmes have been de-emphasized in the same spirit of egalitarianism that places cognitively impaired children in the regular classroom

103
Q

What disorder is defined as having four levels of severity and is related to IQ?

A

Learning disability

  • The APA classifies it as a four-level system
  • It has been estimated that there are about 210.000 people in the UK with some form of severe or profound learning disability
104
Q

Over ___ different genetic causes of learning disability have been identified.

A

100

105
Q

Why would a child be labeled intellectually gifted?

A

They are at the top of the intelligence bell curve with an IQ of 130 or higher

106
Q

Children who are cognitively challenged and have an IQ of 50-70 would classed as having a _____ learning disability.

A

Mild

107
Q

What percentage of children who have learning disabilities acquired them through genetic abnormalities?

A

28%

108
Q

Ingesting drugs and alcohol during pregnancy would be an example of an..?

A

Environmental contribution to learning disorders

Almenn sálfræði (13 decks)

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