10. Kafli Flashcards
Acquiring knowledge, reasoning effectively, and dealing adaptively with the environment is the definition for..?
Intelligence
The theory that eminent people had ‘inherited mental constitutions’ that made them more fit for thinking than their less successful counterparts was upheld by..?
Sir Francis Galton
Why was Alfred Binet commissioned by France’s Ministry of Public Education to develop a mental test?
Because certain children were not benefiting from normal public school
Which of the following are assumptions that Binet made in developing his intelligence tests?
- Mental abilities develop with age
- The rate at which people gain mental competence is a characteristic of the person and is fairly constant over time
How did Alfred Binet determine measuring mental age?
He asked teachers what sorts of problems children could solve at different ages
Sir Francis Galton’s theory that eminent people had inherited mental constitutions that made them more fit than their less successful counterparts did not take into consideration..?
The people he studied came from privileged environments
How was Alfred Binet’s approach towards intelligence different from sir Francis Galton’s approach?
Alfred Binet was interested in solving a practical problem rather than supporting a theory
Which of the following is the formula for William Stern´s intelligence quotient (IQ)?
Ratio of mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
Today’s intelligence tests no longer use the concept of mental age. Why is William Stern’s quotient obsolete?
Stern’s quotient is less useful for adults
Binet interviewed teachers regarding what sorts of problem children could solve at specific ages, then used their answers to develop a standardized interview. The result of the testing was a score called..?
Mental age
What would be a person’s average IQ score today based on a person’s performance relative to the scores of other people of the same age?
100
How did Terman revise Binet’s test?
Terman translated it into English and rewrote some items to improve relevance to American culture
What was the purpose for the Army Alpha?
To screen large numbers of US Army recruits for intellectual fitness
Which of the following is the way in which Stern calculated IQ?
IQ is made up from both chronological and mental age
How are the Wechsler tests different from previous IQ tests?
They measured related verbal and non-verbal abilities
Investigation about the structure of intelligence by Undheim and Gustafsson led to the proposal of a..?
Hierarchical model in Sweden
The focus on intelligence testing in China during the twentieth century was influences by the development of..?
The Chinese Intelligence Scale for Adults
What is the purpose of the cognitive processes approach used to study intelligence?
To study the specific thought processes that underlie mental competencies involved in testing
What is the psychometric approach to intelligence?
The statistical study of psychological tests
David Wechler developed a new intelligence test as he believed that the Stanford-Benet relied too much on..?
Verbal skills
High correlations are indicated by numbers that are closer to which number?
1
The adaptation of the ______ subsequently led to the developmental of the Chinese intelligence scale for adults (CISA).
WAIS
Which of the following psychological approaches toward intelligence attempts to map the structure of the intellect as well as discover the kinds of mental competencies that underlie test performances, rather than the thought processes that underlie those competencies?
The psychometric approach
What observation led Charles Spearman to advance the psychometric argument for intelligence?
That school grades in different subjects were almost always positively correlated but not perfectly
What did Spearman’s g factor refer to?
General intelligence
The g factor has been found to be a predictor of both..?
- Academic and job performance
- Crystallized and fluid intelligence
Charles Spearman regarded correlations between verbal and mathematical abilities as evidence that..?
These abilities may be underpinned by a general mental capacity
Thurstone recognized that correlations are far from perfect, leading to the develoment of a theory he called..?
Primary mental abilities
Spearman maintained that since the g factor cut across all tasks, it constituted..?
The core of intelligence
Crystallized intelligence is the ability to..?
Apply previous acquired knowledge to current problems
Thurstone maintained that human mental performance depends not a general factor but on..?
Seven distinct abilities
Fluid intelligence involves inductive reasoning and..?
Problem solving skills
Long-term memory contributes strongly to which type of intelligence?
Crystallized intelligence
What factor is thought to underlie most mental activity?
g-factor
Cognitive theories of intelligence differ from psychometric approaches in that..?
Cognitive theories focus on why people differ from one another on intelligence
Rather than being dependent. on culture or context, fluid intelligence is dependent on..?
The efficient functioning of the nervous system
In Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence, what do metacomponents refer to?
The thinking processes needed to plan and regulate task performance
Which part of our memory system is particularly involved with fluid intelligence?
Working memory
The three-stratum theory of cognitive abilities established which three levels of mental skills?
General, broad and narrow
What experience inspired Gardner to create his multiple intelligence theory?
His observations of how specific human abilities are affected by brain damage
According to Sternberg, which of the following make up the three different classes of problem solving?
Analytical, practical and creative intelligence
Vera loves to write stories both at school and at home during her free time. According to Gardner, Vera is mostly using her
Linguistic intelligence
One criticism of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences is that..?
Most of his intelligences are actually talents
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)?
It measures specific tasks for four specific classes of emotion-detection and control abilities
Which of the following is an advantage of the MSCEIT?
The scoring method yields high reliability among expert scorers
According to Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, what people would be most likely to be high in naturalistic intelligence?
- A botanist
- A veterinarian
Which criticism did the term ‘emotional intelligence receive?
The concept of intelligence is stretched too far from its original focus
Which of the following is used to measure of ‘perceiving emotions’ in the MSCEIT?
People’s accuracy when judging emotional expressions in facial photographs
What is the difference between the WAIS-IV and the WISC-V intelligence tests?
WAIS-IV - for adults
WISC-V - for children
Wechsler intelligence tests..
- There are five summary scores
- These are the most popular individually administered intelligence tests in the US
Which test is able to measure fluid and crystallized intelligence separately?
The Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test
An achievement test measures..?
What a person has learned
The first edition of the Stanford-Binet only provided a single IQ score, however, the current version samples and provides scores for a wider range of abilities including..?
- Fluid resoning
- Knowledge
- Quantative reasoning
- Visual-spatial processing
- Working memory
An aptitude test measures..?
The applicant’s potential for future learning
There is considerable controversy in intelligence testing over what we should test for, should we test for_____, which is what a person knows, or for _____, which is thought to measure potential.
Achievement, aptitude
Which of the following psychometric concepts would be necessary for a well-designed intelligence test?
Deciding which specific behaviours serve as indicators of intellectual abilities
What term refers to the extent to which a test yields aa consistent, reproducible measure of performance?
Reliability
If an IQ test is reliable, the the score we obtain should..?
Be closer to reflecting the underlying intelligence
The consistency of measurement is referred to as..?
Reliability
The stability of intelligence refers to research showing that..?
Intelligence is considerably stable across an individual’s lifespan
If an IQ test is reliable, then the score we obtain should..?
Be closer to reflecting the underlying intelligence
Which form of reliability had to do with consistency of measurement within the test itself?
Internal consistency
When different people observe the same event and give the same score on a test, it is called..?
Inter-rate reliability
Which of the following terms refers to how well a test actually measures what it is designed to measure?
Validity
When a test successfully measures the psychological issue of interest, as indicated by relations between test scores and other behaviours, it is called..?
Construct validity
In a research study, two psychologists independently score the same test. The process being used in this study is called..?
Inter-rate reliability
The term used to refer to the ability of test scores to correlate with meaningful criterion measures is..?
Criterion-related validity
What is the relationship between scores on intelligence tests and academic performance?
They show a strong positive correlation
Why does intelligence predict longevity?
Cognitive ability may be a reflection of fitness to survive
The development of norms and rigorously controlled testing procedures pertain to..?
Standardisation
Identify one possible reason the Flynn effect (an increase in IQ scores across the world) has occurred ?
People are exposed to richer and more complex learning environments
What is one consequence of the Flynn effect?
The intelligence score distribution has to be recalibrated if the average IQ is to remain at 100
The term standardization has what two meanings?
Development of norms and rigorously controlled testing procedures
What is a true statement regarding dynamic testing?
It is useful when testing people from other cultures who are not accustomed to taking Western-style tests
What term describes traditional testing?
Static testing
In Sternberg’s theory successful intelligence, intelligence is said to be..?
Adaptive to the demands of a given culture
A non verbal test is created to measure fluid intelligence is called the..?
Raven Progressive Matrices Test
What approach has been used to meet the challenges of cross-cultural intelligence assessment?
Creating measures that are tailored to the kinds of knowledge and skill that are valued in the particular culture the person being tested comes from
Which of the following terms describe non-traditional testing?
Dynamic testing
What two things contribute significantly to intelligence?
Environmental and genetic contribution
What best describes the search for a single ‘intelligence gene’?
None has been found
Adolescents with higher IQ have been found to have..?
More efficient neural processing
What best describes the Raven Progressive Matrices Test?
It is a non-verbal measure that tests fluid intelligence
An entirely genetic explanation for intelligence is ruled out by the finding that..?
IQ correlations for identical twins raised together are slightly higher than for identical twins raised apart
What factor contributes to a child’s general intelligence score increaseing?
Having better-educated parents
Biologically, what factors may influence IQ scores?
Brain regions and neurons
What two are correct representations of the cognitive differences between men and women?
- Men are slightly better on spatial tasks
- Women, on average, are better at verbal fluency
Intelligence clearly has a genetic component with heritability coefficients ranging between _____ being reported consistency in both twin and adoption studies.
.50-.70
What is a correlation of family socioeconomic status with general intelligence?
.40
What is a teacher’s role in increasing student’s intelligence?
To avoid ‘teaching to’ and teach ‘how to’
In their study of approximately 90,000 participants, Deary (2003) found that..?
There were no sex differences in mean IQ scores, but there was greater variability of the scores for males
What is an environmental contribution to learning disorders?
Diseases such as rubella experienced during pregnancy
Programmes that allow cognitively challenged children to attend school in regular classrooms and experience a more normal peer environment are known as..?
Mainstreaming and inclusion programmes
According to biological explanations, when do sex differences in cognition begin?
Shortly after conception
An english study by Strand reported that there was very little difference between males and females scores on the cognitive abilities test, but there was..?
A small difference on verbal reasoning with greater variability in male scores
In addition to cognitive ability, our ____ can also determine how well we perform on intellectual and academic measures.
Beliefs
How does socialization explain cognitive sex differences?
Boys and girls are exposed to different sex-typed activities
Evolutionary theorists believe that cognitive sex differences occur due to..?
The development of sex-role specialisation in ancestral environments
Rosenthal was one of the first researchers to study how..?
Teachers beliefs can impact children’s cognitive deveopment
What is true regarding gifted children?
They are at the higher end of intelligence bell curve with an IQ of 130 or higher
Renzulli’s study argued that eminent people are successful due to what?
- High general intelligence
- Motivation and dedication
- Specific mental abilities related to one’s chosen field
What describes a limitation in how schools address the needs of so-called gifted children?
Programmes have been de-emphasized in the same spirit of egalitarianism that places cognitively impaired children in the regular classroom
What disorder is defined as having four levels of severity and is related to IQ?
Learning disability
- The APA classifies it as a four-level system
- It has been estimated that there are about 210.000 people in the UK with some form of severe or profound learning disability
Over ___ different genetic causes of learning disability have been identified.
100
Why would a child be labeled intellectually gifted?
They are at the top of the intelligence bell curve with an IQ of 130 or higher
Children who are cognitively challenged and have an IQ of 50-70 would classed as having a _____ learning disability.
Mild
What percentage of children who have learning disabilities acquired them through genetic abnormalities?
28%
Ingesting drugs and alcohol during pregnancy would be an example of an..?
Environmental contribution to learning disorders
