14. Kafli Flashcards
Behaviour related to personality are viewed as being caused primarily by..?
Internal rather than environmental factors
The Big Five relates to which domain?
Personality
There is a diversity of viewpoints in the study of personality because..?
The theorists are describing personality at different levels of analysis
When Freud’s patients who had conversion hysteria were able to re-experience traumatic memories and unacceptable feelings, they were usually sexual or..?
Aggressive in nature
Which theorists are more likely to look for the cause of behaviour in an interplay of inner forces that often conflict with one another
Psychodynamic
In an attempt to relive his own painful bouts of depression, Freud conducted an extensive self-analysis of his..?
Dreams
The assumption of the Big Five it that individual differences in personality can be..?
Accounted for by variation along five broad personality dimension
Freud based his theory on..?
Careful clinical observations
According to Gordon Allport, the behaviours related to personality are thought to be caused primarily by..?
Internal rather than environmental factors
It is thought that there is a diversity of viewpoints in the study of personality because theorists’ different personalities. Which of the following statements would reflect this statement?
Dr. Bernard is pessimistic; he views people as generally discontented. Dr. Kelley is an optimistic person; so he views people as generally contented
Identify the experience in Freud’s life that led him to develop his theory?
His experience of working with patients with conversion hysteria
Which of the following was a Freudian strategy to unearth the buried contents of the unconscious mind?
Dream interpretation
Freud based his theory on careful clinical observations and constantly sought to expand it. Over time, psychoanalysis became..?
- An approach to studying the mind
- A therapy
- A theory of personality
The ___ energy, as defined by Freud, is what powers the mind and constantly presses for either direct or indirect release.
Psychic
The _____ mind contains memories, feelings and thoughts that we are unaware of at the moment but can be recalled if needed.
Preconscious
According to Freud, what generates psychic energy?
Instinctual drives
What keeps the mental events in current awareness?
Conscious mind
According to Freud, which part of the mind was said to dwarf the other parts of the mind in both size and importance?
Unconscious
The personality structure which Freud describes as operating according to the ‘reality principle’ was the..?
Ego
According to Freud, which are the ways that the unconscious mind reveals itself?
- Slips of the tongue
- Dreams
According to Freud, personality consists of..?
Three separate but interacting structures
Which of the following keeps mental events in current awareness?
Conscious mind
Which of the following are components of the personality according to Freud?
- The ego
- The superego
- The id
According to the pleasure principle, the ____ seeks immediate gratification regardless of rational considerations.
Id
When the id seeks instinctual gratification, the ego will..?
Try to postpone it until conditions are appropriate
According to Freud, the dynamics of personality involve a never-ending struggle between instinct and drives in the _____ striving for release and counter forces generated by the ____ and ____ to contain them.
Id, ego, superego
According to Freud, which personality structure has no direct contact with reality and functions in a totally irrational manner?
Id
According to Freud, the innermost core of the personality is called the?
Id
Which of the three personality structures as outlined by Freud would say ‘I want it; I want it now!’?
Id
Freud postulated that the ____ is the only personality structure we are born with and is the source of all psychic energy.
Id
The ego is thought to have direct contact with..?
Reality
The ego function at what level?
Conscious
The superego deals primarily with the ___ aspect of our personality structure.
Moral
The conflict between the id and the superego is mediated by the..?
Ego
When realistic strategies are ineffective in reducing anxiety, the ____ may resort to defence mechanisms.
Ego
In ____, a person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment.
Denial
When a person represses the emotion connected with an upsetting event, and deals with the situation as an intellectually interesting event, the person is using what defence mechanism?
Intellectualization
According to Freud, which personality structure develops last?
Superego
Freud used what term to define the unconscious mental operations that deny or distort reality in order to reduce anxiety?
Defence mechanisms
When an unacceptable impulse is repressed and it is then attributed to other people, the ego defence mechanism known as ____ is at play.
Projection
When a person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of an event by using the defence mechanism ‘denial’ what is actually being denied?
- The emotions connected with the event
- The event itself
Dan’s mother just passed away. Rather than dealing with the emotional pain that he is feeling, he is thinking about the meaning of life and death. Which defence mechanism is Dan likely employing?
Intellectualization
Mary finds her son stealing money from her purse. Her son in turn says that she never gives him enough pocket money, and besides, all of his friends have stolen money now or then. Mary’s son is using ____ to deal with this anxiety-inducing situation.
Rationalization
Jim is repressing his intense urge to have an affair with his secretary. He is in turn accusing his wife of having an affair with her subordinate. Which defence mechanism is Jim employing?
Projection
A person refuses to acknowledge anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment
Denial
When a person represses an impulse and engages in an exaggerated expression of the opposite behaviour, this form of defence mechanism is known as?
Reaction formation
In repression, the ego prevents anxiety-arousing memories, feelings and impulses from entering..?
Consciousness
Constructing a false but plausible explanation for an anxiety-arousing event that has already occurred is known as..?
Rationalization
When an unacceptable impulse is repressed and it is then attributed to other people, the ego defence mechanism known as____ is at play.
Projection
Alex has a very aggressive temperament which he is trying to repress. He joins the football team and becomes a well-loved defender (a socially acceptable form of aggression). Alex has used..?
Sublimation
Jack has homosexual feelings that he is repressing. He is also the most vocal opponent of gay rights in his community. What defence mechanism is Jack employing?
Reaction formation
Potential deprivations or overindulgences can arise during oral, anal or phallic stages, which can result in _____, a state of arrested psychosexual development
Fixation
The ego uses some of its energy to prevent anxiety-arousing memories, feelings, and impulses from entering consciousness.
Repression
What is the defence mechanism in which a repressed impulse is released in a socially acceptable form.
Sublimination
Regression, a psychological retreat to an earlier psychosexual stage, can occur..?
In the face of stressful demands that exceed one’s coping capabilities
According to Freud, in what stage does a child derive pleasure from the process of elimination?
Anal
Alex has a very aggressive temperament which he is trying to repress. He joins the football team and becomes a well-loved defender (a socially acceptable form of aggression). Alex has used..?
Sublimination
Is the psychological retreat to an earlier psychosexual stage?
Regression
The first two Freudian psychosexual stages of development were..?
Oral and anal
During which of Freud’s psychosexual stages does a child derive pleasure from his/her sexual organs?
Phallic
Freud believed that the ___ stage is a major milestone in the development of gender identity.
Phallic
What are the main neo-analytic theorists?
- Karen Horney
- Carl Jung
- Erik Erikson
- Alfred Adler
According to Freud, in what stage does a child derive pleasure from the process of elimination?
Anal
Harsh toilet training can lead to compulsions during the ____ stage, according to Freud’s psychosexual stages
Anal
Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by a desire for..?
Superiority
In what stage do children normally resolve the Oedipus and Electra complexes and move from a sexual attachment to the opposite-sex parent to identification with the same-sex parent.
Phallic stage
Which theory, put forward by Melanie Klein and others, focuses on the mental representations that people form of themselves and other people as a result of early experience with caregivers?
Object relations theory
What criticism did neo-analytic theorists have with Freud’s theory?
- Freud laid too much emphasis on the events of childhood
- Freud did not give social and cultural factors much importance
There are three adult attachment styles, what are they?
- Secure
- Avoidant
- Anxious-ambivalent
What attachment styles predict depressive symptoms?
- Avoidant
- Anxious-ambivalent
Erikson:
Personality development continues throughout the life span, not just when people are children
Adler:
Humans are inherently social beings motivated by a strive for superiority
Jung:
Humans possess a collective unconscious and their memories are represented by archetypes
Object relations theorists:
- Margaret Mahler
- Melanie Klein
- Otto Kernberg
Which attachment style has been implicated in people who repeatedly get involved in abusive romantic relationships?
Anxious-ambivalent
Object relation theories focus on the images of early experiences with..?
Caregivers
What explains the Whitman case in the light of the social-cognitive perspective?
- Past learning experiences involved in violence
- How he viewed himself and his world
Which attachment style predicts anxiety symptoms
Anxious-ambivalent
The emphasis on the primacy of immediate experiences is known as..?
Phenomenology
Which gender with an anxious attachment style become more involved in abusive romantic relationships?
Women
What theorists can be classified as phenomenological-humanistic theorists?
- Kelly
- Rogers
______ focuses our attention on the present instead of the past?
Phenomenology
Which theory affirms the inherent dignity and goodness of an individual’s spirit?
Humanistic
Every person has an individual differences in pattern of preferred _____ _____, such as ‘good,’ ‘bad,’ and ‘successful.’
Personal constructs
The theoretical approach that emphasizes the primacy of immediate experience and has a positive view of humanity is..?
The phenomenological-humanistic approach
Name the test that was developed by George Kelly to assess individuals’ personal construct systems.
Role Construct Repertory test
The organised, consistent set of perceptions of and beliefs about oneself is known as the..?
Self
What is true about the humanistic perspective of humans?
- Humans have inherent dignity
- The humans spirit is good
- Humans have a striving towards personal growth
Alanna’s mother thinks she is successful because she makes 40,000 Euros a year, and can support herself. But Alanna’s father thinks she is unsuccessful because he believes that is not enough money for anyone to live on. A psychologist would say that this difference opinions is due to their..?
Personal constructs
Which scientist developed the psychological therapy where clients come to realize that their personal constructs might be hypotheses rather than facts?
George Kelly
According to Carl Rogers’ theory, the absence of conflict among self-perceptions is called self-____?
Consistency
What is the Rep test developed by George Kelly used for?
To assess an individual’s personal construct systems
Michael has strong values and beliefs about the role of a husband in marriage. He is feeling anxiety, however because his behaviour does not match his beliefs. The best conceptualization of this comes from?
Rogers and his concept of incongruence
According to Carl Rogers, the more rigid and inflexible people’s ______ are, the more maladjusted they will become.
Self-concepts
Which theory affirms the inherent dignity and goodness of an individual’s spirit?
Humanistic
According to Carl Rogers’ theory, people have a need to receive acceptance, sympathy and love from others but also have a need to receive acceptance, sympathy and love from ourselves. This term he used to describe this was..?
Positive self-regard
The absence of conflict among self-perception is called?
Self-consistency
Carl Rogers used the term ‘problems in ____’ to refer to the situation where people choose to deny or distort their experiences to remove incongruences.
Living
According to Carl Rogers, the degree of congruence between sel-concept and experience helps define one’s level of..?
Adjustment
Xu’s parents seem to be equally happy of her achievement, whether she receives the first prize or no prize at all. Xu’s parents are exhibiting..?
Unconditional love
Carl Rogers viewed ‘positive ____’ as essential for healthy development.
Regard
According to Carl Rogers’ theory, a fully functioning person has the following qualities:
- They are true to themselves
- They are spontaneous and creative
Bruno’s parents only approve of him when he receives the first prize in anything that he is participating in. This is..?
Conditional love
Brett feels comfortable in the decision that his career is more important to him than getting married and having children, although his mother does not approve of his choices. According to Rogers, Brett is..?
A fully functioning person
Rogers suggested that people have a need to regard themselves positively, and research confirms the existence of self-____, a strong and persuasive tendency to gain and preserve a positive self-image
Enhancement
Carl Rogers viewed ‘positive _____’ as essential for healthy development.
Regard
The fact that 80% of high school students rate themselves in the top 10% in their ability to get along with others indicates a..?
Self-enhancement effect
The goal of _____ theorists’ approach to personality is to describe the basic classes of behaviour that define peronality.
Personality
The humanistic perspective on the value of self-reports is..?
That they are important information
The two major approaches to discover and define personality traits are the..?
Lexical approach and the factor analytic approach
According to the phenomenological-humanistic perspectives, what would be the most central concept that could explain the behaviour of Charles Whitman?
Self-concept
Research shows that people who are socially reserved are likely to make fewer friends, go to fewer parties, and talk less than people who are not socially reserved. These clusters of behaviour or personality traits can be studied by..?
Factor analytic approach
What would a personality trait psychologist most likely do?
- Predict a person’s personality
- Devise ways of measuring individual differences in personality
- Describe the basic classes of behaviour that defines personality
What matters most in ____ approaches is how people view themselves and the world.
Phenomenological-humanistic
What method of studying personality traits have been used to study introversion-extraversion traits?
Factor analytic method
The two major approaches to discover and define personality traits are..?
- Lexical approach
- Factor analytic approach
Who developed the 16 personality factor questionnaire?
Raymond Cattell
Hans J. Eysenck believed that normal personality could be understood in terms of ____ basic dimensions.
Two
A person who is careful, disciplined and organised is likely to be high in which of the big five traits?
Conscitiousness
Raymon Cattell subjected his data from his 1965 research to _____ approach, and identified 16 basic behaviour clusters.
Factor analytic
A person who is insecure and anxious is likely high in which of the big 5 traits?
Neuroticism
What are the dimensions of Eysenck’s model of personality?
Stability-instability and introversion-extraversion
According to the Five Factor Model, someone who is curious, imaginative, and unconventional scores high in..?
Openness versus closedness to experience
Cahli is trusting, warm, modest, tender-minded and sympathetic. These qualities best fit which of the big five?
Agreeableness versus antagonism
Trait theorists not only try to describe the basic structure of personality, but also attempt to ____ real-life behaviour on the basis of personality traits.
Predict
What is at the opposite end of the spectrum that has Conscientiousness on one end of the spectrum?
Lack of direction
What is at the opposite end of the spectrum that has Neuroticism on one end of the spectrum?
Emotional stability
According to McCrae and Costa if a person scores high in the positive emotions facet of extraversion, the person is likely to have higher..?
Life satisfaction
Research findings in regard to personality traits and their stability over time have found..?
Evidence for both stability and change
A person who is careful, disciplined and organized is likely to be high on which of the big five traits?
Conscientiousness
What were the criticism of the trait approach?
- It does not provide insight into psychological processes underlying traits
- It does not pay enough attention to how traits work in combination
- It is descriptive rather than explanatory
What could the trait approach have offered in the case of Charles Whitman?
Had he taken a battery of personality test, the result may have alerted professionals about his potential for violent behaviour
Biological explanations for personality would most likely include:
- Genetics
- Evolutionary
- Neuroscience
The big five factors of personality are measured using the..?
NEO personality inventory
Research shows that out of the big five personality traits, _____ and _____ tend to increase from the late teens to the early 30s
Agreeableness and conscientiousness
Twin studies help psychologists understand ____ influences on personality.
Genetic
One major criticism of the Five Factor Model trait approach is..?
Its lack of explanatory power
Genetics and neuroscience explanations for personality fall into the _____ category of personality research.
Biological
One logical place to look for biological underpinnings of personality is in..?
Individual differences in brain functioning
Because personality has genetic contributions, personalities of _____ twins would be more similar than those of ______ twins.
Identical, fraternal
A person who is chronically over-aroused:
Introverted
A person who is chronically under-aroused:
Extraverted
During human development, temperament seems to appear in..?
Infancy
According to Kagan’s research, inhabited infants react to unfamiliar situations with..?
Distress
What is related to the nervous system functioning as an explanation for personality?
- Temperament
- Genetics
- Eysenck’s work
Eysenck’s theory of introversion-extraversion rests on the idea of..?
Arousal patterns in the brain
Individual ______ in emotional and behavioural styles is referred to as temperament.
Differences
Research by Borkenau indicated that genetic factors..?
Interact with developmental and situational factors
According to Kagan’s research, uninhibited infants seem to ____ novelty.
Enjoy
According to the biological perspective, which two causes could explain the behaviour of Charles Whitman?
- A fast-growing brain tumour
- A genetic predisposition to violence
B.F. Skinner was more interested in discovering _____ laws of learning than in identifying individual differences in behaviour.
Universal
What was a finding of the locus of control research?
Internals are more resistant to social influences
What represents Julian Rotter’s research?
- Expectancy effects
- Locus of control
- Reinforcement value
J. Rotter defined the _____ as an expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives.
Internal-external locus of control
What is the difference between the behavioural approach to studying personality and the social-cognitive approach to studying personality?
Behavioural approach focuses on universal laws: social-cognitive approach focuses on the individual
What is a finding of the locus of control research?
African Americans who actively participated in the civil rights movement were more internal on Rotter’s I-E scale
Who laid the foundation for today’s social-cognitive approaches?
Rotter
What is the purpose of the internal-external scale?
To measure the individual differences in locus control
Bandura is best described as an?
Social cognitivist
A person’s belief in their own ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes is known as..?
Self-efficacy
In his mind, Barry is going through his previous successes and failures at asking girls out on a date to decide whether he should ask Alena out on a date. Which self-efficacy factor is Barry focusing on?
Performance experiences
Which of the following is an important determinant of self-efficacy?
Observational learning
The instrument developed by J. Rotter to measure the individual differences in locus of control is called the..?
Internal-external scale
Albert Bandura is an influential social-cognitivist with the following research areas:
- Self-efficacy
- Behavioural self-control
Julie was uncertain of her ability to complete an assignment successfully. Her lecturer encouraged he and assured her that she was an excellent student whom he expected would perform very well. This input led Julie feeling more confident in approaching the work. This is an example of ______ leading to increased self-efficacy.
Verbal persuasion
According to Albert Bandura, ______ - ______ is people’s beliefs concerning their ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes.
Self-efficacy
If we feel we have mastered the skills necessary to perform a task, we are likely to feel increased self-efficacy in relation to that task. This is referred to as ______.
Performance experiences
Efficacy beliefs are a strong predictor of future..?
Accomplishments
If we see a person like us accomplish a particular goal, we are likely to feel we can do the same if we perform the same behaviour. This is referred to as..?
Observational leraning
What are personality variables in the CAPS system?
- Emotions
- Expectancies and beliefs
- Competencies and self regulatory processes
- Encodings and personal constructs
- Goals and values
A person’s belief is their own ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes is known as..?
Self-efficacy
We respond to the world as perceived. Which of the CAPS variables would this best describe?
Encoding strategies
Henry Ford’s statement ‘Whether you believe you can do something or you believe you can’t, you’re probably right’ is an example of..?
A self-fulfilling prophecy
Motivation plays a central role in attempts to understand behaviour and it is represented in the CAPS system by..?
Goals and variables
Which of the following is an important determinant of self-efficacy?
Observational learning
According to Rotter, what are the if-then links between alternative behaviours and possible outcomes known as?
Behaviour outcome expectancies
Encoding strategies, expectancies and beliefs, goals and values, affects and competencies are the personality variables in the ______ personality system.
Cognitive-affective
Research shows that aggressive youth have a tendency to perceive people as being disrespectful towards them. This is likely due to our..?
Encoding and personal constructs
Motivation relates directly to the person’s..?
Goals and values
According to theories of competencies and self-regulatory processes, self-reinforcement processes are most applied to people who are more..?
Autonomous
Which of the following are the strengths of the social-cognitive theories?
- Its ability to translate insights from other perspectives into cognitive-behavioural terms
- A strong scientific base
According to the social-cognitive perspective, the cause of Charles Whitman’s behaviour lie in his..?
Past learning experiences that predisposed him to violence
______ is a product of interacting biological and environmental influences
Personality
One thing that adds to the complexity of making cultural comparisons of personality are the findings of Triandis and Suh that _____ of people within a given cultural strongly embrace the collectivistic or individualistic goals of their culture.
40%
One of the cultural differences between hunter-gatherer cultures of the past and the current information-age culture is its..?
Complexity
In general, females self-report higher ____ than males.
Neuroticism
Name the main way through which cultures can influence personality?
Complexity
Cultures differ among dimensions of complexity and..?
Interdependence
In general, males self-report lower _____ than females.
Agreeableness and neuroticism
Which of the following influence gender differences in personality?
Environment and biology
In what ways do psychologists assess personality?
- By using objective tests
- By using projective tests
- Through interview
What characteristics must personality measures have in order to be scientifically and practically useful?
- Validity
- Reliability
If a test is able to yield statistically similar scores when administered to the same individual by different people, then the test is said to have..?
Interjudge reliability
