1B.3 MUSCLE BASICS Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

What muscle type is found in skeletal muscles, striated (myosin + actin), voluntary control, multi-nucleated?

A

Skeletal

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3
Q

What type of muscle cell is found in the heart, striated, has involuntary control (autorhythmicity) and has a single nucleus

A

Cardiac

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4
Q

what type of muscle cell is found in the viscera + blood vessels+ skin, not striated, involuntary control, and has a single nucleus?

A

Smooth

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5
Q

What are the 4 functions of muscle tissue (hint: PSPS)

A
  1. Produce body movements
    - attached to bone via tendons
  2. Stabilizing body positions
  3. Producing heat (thermogenesis)
  4. Storing + moving substances in the body
    - Sphincters, peristalsis, blood vessel tone
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6
Q

What are the 4 properties of muscle tissue (Hint: ECEC)

A
  1. Electrical Excitability
    - able to respond to stimuli
    > Electrical signals = autorhythmicity in the heart
    > chemical signals = action potentials signals received at neuromuscular cleft
  2. Contractility
    - attached to bone via tendons, Cells physically contract to generate force
  3. Elasticity
    - returns to original length after contraction extension
  4. Extensibility
    - can stretch within limits, without being damaged
    -Greatest in smooth muscle (food in stomach) & heart (blood in chambers)
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7
Q

Muscle organization (Hint: PTEFPEM)

A

-Periosteum (lines bone)
-Tendon
-Epimysium (encases muscle)
-Fascicle (bundle of myofibres)
-Perimysium (encases fascicle)
-Endomysium (covers myofibre)
-Myofibre (muscle cell)

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8
Q

Organization of Myofibre (Hint: EMMT)

A

-Endomysium
-Myofibre
-Myofibril (repeating units of saromeres)
-Thick and thin filaments

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal fiber types

A

TYPE 1: slow oxidative

TYPE 2A: Fast oxidative-glycolytic

TYPE 2B: Fast Glycolytic

ALL MUSCLES CONTAIIN A COMBINATION OF ALL FIBER TYPES BUT THEIR PROPORTIONS VARY

CAN TRAIN SPECIFIC FIBER TYPES

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10
Q

What are the 5 stages of the sliding filament theory

A
  1. Bound State
  2. Power Stroke
  3. Rigor State
  4. Relaxed Sate
  5. Binding State
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11
Q

What do ATP and Calcium do in muscle contraction

A

ATP:
-Necessary for myosin to bind to actin and for power stroke

Calcium:
-Binding sites on actin are usually covered by tropomyosin
- When calcium binds to the troponin complex, tropmyosin rolls away
-Contraction can occur

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12
Q

Strain: Tendon/muscle injury TRIATS

A

Grading
G1 = overstretching
G2 = Partial Tear
G3 = Complete Tear

Symptoms:
- Swelling/bruising or redness
- pain at rest
- inability to use muscle, or weakness

First Aid: Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (PRICE)

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13
Q

How does Aging affect the muscle?

A

Progressive muscle loss (age 30 onwards)

Muscle mass is replaced by fibrous connective tissue + adipose

Causes:
- Decreased voluntary neural control of muscle (motor neuron loss + decreased sensory feedback)

  • Slower nerve conduction speed
  • Muscle fibre loss (particularly type 2 = more oxidative metabolism, less force)

OVERALL: LESS POWER & STRENGTH

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14
Q

What does exercise do for the muscle?

A
  • effective to improve muscle mass at any age
  • Aerobic + Strength - based activates are effective at both slowing, and even reversing age - related muscular decline
  • Benefits:
    > Increased Bone Density
    > Increased Motor Neuron Firing Rate
    > Hypertrophy of muscle fibers
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