1A: Intro to anatomy: 1A.2 bone basic + appendicular skeleton Flashcards
What are the 5 functions of the skeleton
- Support and framework
- leverage for movement
- protection of vital organs
- storage of minerals
- production of blood cells
the portion of the skeleton of the skull spine and abdominal bones
axial
the portion of the skeleton with limb bones
appendicular
what are the 6 joints of the body
shoulder
elbow
wrist
hip
knee
ankle
what are the bones in the upper limbs
- scapula
- clavicle
- humerus
- radius
- ulna
- carpal bones
- metacarpals
- phalanges
what are the bones in the carpals
- scaphoid
- lunate
- triquetrum
- pisiform
- trapezium
- trapezoid
- capitate
- hamate
“Some lovers try positions that they cannot handle”
what are the bones in the lower limb
- pelvic bones
- femur
- patella
- tibia
- fibula
- tarsal bones
- metatarsals
- phalanges
what are the bones in the tarsals
- Calcaneus
- Talus
- Navicular
- Cuboid
- Cuneiforms
What type of bone is tubular in shape and provides strength, structure and mobility in limbs?
Long (ex. humerus, femur, tibia, ulna
What bone is cuboidal in shape and provides support and stability with limited movement
short (ex: carpal bones, tarsal bones)
What type of bones are oddly shaped and have various functions such as nerve protection and skeletal muscle attachment
irregular (facial bones, scapula, hyoid, vetebra
what type of bones develop in tendons where they cross long bones and protect tendons from wear and tear
Sesamoid (patella)
Boney landmarks: projections that are the site of muscle/ligament attachment
Tuberosity: large rounded elevation
Crest: ridge of bone
Trochanter: large blunt elevation
Line: linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge
Tubercle: small raised eminence
Epicondyle: eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle
Spine: thorn-like process
Process: projection or outgrowth of tissue
Boney Landmarks: surfaces that form joints
Head: Large, round articular end
Facet: Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another
Condyle: rounded, knuckle-like articular area
Boney Landmarks: depression/openings
Foramen: passage through bone, hole
Groove: elongated depression
Fissure: groove, natural division
Notch: indentation in the edge of a bone
Fossa: Hollow or depressed area
Meatus: natural body opening or canal
Sinus: sac or cavity
what bone cells actually creates the bone?
Osteoblast
What bone cell maintains the bone structure?
Osteocyte
what type of bone is the exterior of the bone and covered in periosteum?
Cortical (compact) bone
What type of bone is the interior of the bone, occasionally replaced by medullary cavity and contains bone marrow?
Trabecular (spongy, cancellous) Bone
what type of fracture happens when bone fragments in 3+ pieces and is common in aged individuals with more brittle bones?
Comminuted fracture
What type of fracture happens when a bone is crushed and is common in porous bones (e.g. osteoporotic) subject to extreme trauma
Compression fracture
What type of fracture when the epiphysis seperates form diaphysis along epiphyseal plate and is common in preadolescence?
Epiphyseal fracture
What fracture happens when the broken bone portion is pressed inward? (common ex. typical skull fracture)
Depressed fracture
What type of fracture when a ragged break due to excessive twisting forces and is common with sport injuries and in toddlers
Spiral fracture
What type of fracture is a incomplete break with one side broken and one side bent with it being common in children?
Green stick fracture
What fracture is with the injury only affecting the bone?
Simple
what fracture pierces the skin
compound
Aging
- birth to adolescence: bone production > absorption
- In middle age (after menopause) women experience greater bone loss than men due to decreased estrogen
- in old age: bone production < absorption
- Aging typically results in:
- loss of bone mass (demineralization = lower calcium)
- Increased brittleness
(decrease protein synthesis = lower collagen)
exercise
- Bone tissue can alter its strength in response to strain it experiences
- high impact in intermittent strains > lower impact constant strains for bone deposition
- without mechanical stress, bone does not remodel normally because resorption occurs more quickly than formation (especially important in adolescents and for healing)
- weakened bones: bedridden/ those in cast, and astronauts becuz of microgravity
- strengthened bones: athletes have thicker and stronger bones
