1A: Intro to anatomy: 1A.2 bone basic + appendicular skeleton

Question 1

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

• Support and framework
• leverage for movement
• protection of vital organs
• storage of minerals
• production of blood cells

Question 2

the portion of the skeleton of the skull spine and abdominal bones

Answer 2

axial

Question 3

the portion of the skeleton with limb bones

Answer 3

appendicular

Question 4

what are the 6 joints of the body

Answer 4

shoulder
elbow
wrist
hip
knee
ankle

Question 5

what are the bones in the upper limbs

Answer 5

• scapula
• clavicle
• humerus
• radius
• ulna
• carpal bones
• metacarpals
• phalanges

Question 6

what are the bones in the carpals

Answer 6

• scaphoid
• lunate
• triquetrum
• pisiform
• trapezium
• trapezoid
• capitate
• hamate

“Some lovers try positions that they cannot handle”

Question 7

what are the bones in the lower limb

Answer 7

• pelvic bones
• femur
• patella
• tibia
• fibula
• tarsal bones
• metatarsals
• phalanges

Question 8

what are the bones in the tarsals

Answer 8

• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Cuneiforms

Question 9

What type of bone is tubular in shape and provides strength, structure and mobility in limbs?

Answer 9

Long (ex. humerus, femur, tibia, ulna

Question 10

What bone is cuboidal in shape and provides support and stability with limited movement

Answer 10

short (ex: carpal bones, tarsal bones)

Question 11

What type of bones are oddly shaped and have various functions such as nerve protection and skeletal muscle attachment

Answer 11

irregular (facial bones, scapula, hyoid, vetebra

Question 12

what type of bones develop in tendons where they cross long bones and protect tendons from wear and tear

Answer 12

Sesamoid (patella)

Question 13

Boney landmarks: projections that are the site of muscle/ligament attachment

Answer 13

Tuberosity: large rounded elevation

Crest: ridge of bone

Trochanter: large blunt elevation

Line: linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge

Tubercle: small raised eminence

Epicondyle: eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

Spine: thorn-like process

Process: projection or outgrowth of tissue

Question 14

Boney Landmarks: surfaces that form joints

Answer 14

Head: Large, round articular end

Facet: Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another

Condyle: rounded, knuckle-like articular area

Question 15

Boney Landmarks: depression/openings

Answer 15

Foramen: passage through bone, hole

Groove: elongated depression

Fissure: groove, natural division

Notch: indentation in the edge of a bone

Fossa: Hollow or depressed area

Meatus: natural body opening or canal

Sinus: sac or cavity

Question 16

what bone cells actually creates the bone?

Answer 16

Osteoblast

Question 17

What bone cell maintains the bone structure?

Answer 17

Osteocyte

Question 18

what type of bone is the exterior of the bone and covered in periosteum?

Answer 18

Cortical (compact) bone

Question 19

What type of bone is the interior of the bone, occasionally replaced by medullary cavity and contains bone marrow?

Answer 19

Trabecular (spongy, cancellous) Bone

Question 20

what type of fracture happens when bone fragments in 3+ pieces and is common in aged individuals with more brittle bones?

Answer 20

Comminuted fracture

Question 21

What type of fracture happens when a bone is crushed and is common in porous bones (e.g. osteoporotic) subject to extreme trauma

Answer 21

Compression fracture

Question 22

What type of fracture when the epiphysis seperates form diaphysis along epiphyseal plate and is common in preadolescence?

Answer 22

Epiphyseal fracture

Question 23

What fracture happens when the broken bone portion is pressed inward? (common ex. typical skull fracture)

Answer 23

Depressed fracture

Question 24

What type of fracture when a ragged break due to excessive twisting forces and is common with sport injuries and in toddlers

Answer 24

Spiral fracture

Question 25

What type of fracture is a incomplete break with one side broken and one side bent with it being common in children?

Answer 25

Green stick fracture

Question 26

What fracture is with the injury only affecting the bone?

Answer 26

Simple

Question 27

what fracture pierces the skin

Answer 27

compound

Question 28

Aging

Answer 28

• birth to adolescence: bone production > absorption
• In middle age (after menopause) women experience greater bone loss than men due to decreased estrogen
• in old age: bone production < absorption
• Aging typically results in:
• loss of bone mass (demineralization = lower calcium)
• Increased brittleness
  (decrease protein synthesis = lower collagen)

Question 29

exercise

Answer 29

• Bone tissue can alter its strength in response to strain it experiences
• high impact in intermittent strains > lower impact constant strains for bone deposition
• without mechanical stress, bone does not remodel normally because resorption occurs more quickly than formation (especially important in adolescents and for healing)
• weakened bones: bedridden/ those in cast, and astronauts becuz of microgravity
• strengthened bones: athletes have thicker and stronger bones