1890-1914: Relations with indigenous peoples

Question 1

Challenges in India

Answer 1

There was challenges from political opposition. And the media was used as an outlet, such as Bal Tilak, used to disseminate anti-imperialist views

Question 2

Controversies in India

Answer 2

There were many revolutionaries, with assassination of Br officials. Viceroy Curzon’s 1905 partition of Bengal

Question 3

Challenges in Africa

Answer 3

British Somaliland - ‘Mad Mullah’ wanted to defend Somalia from Br, It and Ethiopian invasion. Due to Christian missionary. Suppressed resistance only at 1920 using aerial bombing

Zanzibar - Br ruled challenged by Khalid bin Barghash after suspicious death of Sultan Hamoud. Shortest war as Khalid surrendered after heavy bombardment.

West Africa - 1898, Br governor of Sierra Leone introduced ‘hut tax’ but demands was met with resistance. Responded to resistance with ‘scorched earth’

Question 4

Challenges in The Sudan

Answer 4

Kitchener’s conquest in Battle of Omdurman 1898. Split Sudan in North and South with with focus on the educated elite. Many uprisings in 1900, 1902-03, 1904 and 1908 but Br would brutally supress them.

Question 5

Cause of Second Anglo-Boer war

Answer 5

Due to gold being discovered and the Boers fear of being swarmed so didn’t give Uitlanders voting rights. So Rhodes instructed Jameson to organise a coup. This was planning to trigger wider uprising but failed. Led to Rhodes resigning and Br government back away from openly supporting the raid. Tension between Boers and Br, united Boers under Kruger’s leadership.

Kruger issues ultimatum in October 1899

Question 6

Course of the 2nd Boer War

Answer 6

October Boer invaded Cape Colony and Natal. 1900 tide of battle turned so Boer turned to guerrilla tactics. September 1900 to May 1902 drained both sides.

Br had used empire but many dominions didn’t help. Create Scorched Earth and concentration camps.

Question 7

Consequence of the 2nd Boer War

Answer 7

Treaty of Vereeniging in 1902
Boer forced to accept Br rule:
1. Protect Dutch language
2. Property rights
3. Promise of eventual government
4. Creation of apartheid - No rights to blacks

Question 8

Consequences for Br of the 2nd Boer War

Answer 8

Cost £2.5 million per month during war
Showed Br isolation
Opposition to Br rule, in particular Germany
Br made alliance with Japan
Br needed more alliances

Question 9

Consequences for Union of South Africa: 2nd Boer War

Answer 9

Direct result of war founded South Africa (Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange Free State in 1910).