1890-1914: Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule Flashcards
How did empire develop
In Africa became more assertive
Berlin Conference
1884-85. Laid ground rules such as effective occupation. Hosted by Ottoman von Bismarck
What percentage did Africa go to after the Conference
Went from 80% under local rule to only 10% 20 years later
How did Britain expand
Mixture of treaties, intimidation and aggression
Countries in Tropical Africa
British West Africa: Ashantiland, Nigeria
British East Africa: Zanzibar, Uganda, Kenya, Sudan, Somaliland
British South Africa: Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Cape Colony
What happened in Ashantiland
Br demanded the King, Prempeh give rest of empire to Br as protectorate. After he refused Br conquered the territory and kicked Prempeh from throne. Then an uprising in 1900 led to formal Br annexation. Then incorporated into Gold Coast 1902.
What happened in Nigeria
Br establish claim via occupation and 1890 agreement with Fr. Br took responsibilities of Royal Niger Company and direct Br control in North 1900. And South in 1906. Unified in 1914
What happened in Zanzibar
1890, during Br and Germany treaty. Zanzibar was in Br sphere of influence. Br declared Zanzibar as a protectorate with puppet leader Sultan Hamad bin Thuwaini. After his mysterious death in 1896 his cousin became king without Br blessing. Br told to stand down. But Khalid refused. Leaving a war that lasted 38 minutes. Then pro-Br Sultan Hamud was put on the throne
What happened in Uganda
The king signing a treaty where he cedes power over revenue, trade and justice. Then given to the crown in 1894. As well as Buganda becoming a protectorate. Uganda Railway was also built to make use to connect colonies and the Indian Ocean
What happened in Kenya
Interest since Berlin Conference, where it was in Br sphere of influence. Sheikh Mbaruk bin Rashid revolted against Br getting weapons from Germans. Took Br 9 months to crush. Then territory became part of Britain’s East Africa Protectorate of 1895
What happened in Sudan
Mahdist revolt broke out in 1881. Leaving General Gordon’s death. Salisbury wanted to reclaim Sudan seeing it as important for Br sea-route to India. Salisbury ordered a campaign in Sudan, a way to avenge General Gordon. Kitchener was the leader of the army. Using Maxim guns to fight. Such as Battle of Omdurman, 1898. Kitchener was given orders by Salisbury to continue. Eventually meeting the French at the Fashoda incident. 1899 after Br and Egypt agreement Sudan also came under the Br.
What happened in Somaliland
Br reinforced Somaliland Protectorate, 1888. With administrative and military personnel in 1898 limiting Fr and It ambitions. Location was important for colonies in East and Indian Ocean.
What happened in Rhodesia
When gold was discovered in the region Cecil Rhodes + white settlers looked to claim the mines. Ndebele resisted in First Ndebele War 1893-94, but stood no chance. Renamed area after Cecil Rhodes. Second War with Milmo was leader was a unsuccessful revolt
What happened in Nyasaland
Small territory opened by Livingstone and settled by Scottish missionaries. Established control in 1891. Then under control of Rhodes Br SA company till 1907, then became a protectorate
What happened in Cape Colony
1895 gold was found in Transvaal, not under Br control. So Cecil Rhodes planned to take over with Jameson raid. Unsuccessful and so had to negotiate with the Boers. Broke down in 1899 so 2nd Boer War happened. 1902 Peace of Vereeniging, May. Where Br gave promise of self rule. Combined Orange Free State, Transvaal, Cape Colony and Natal into Union of South Africa. Then Union of SA became a Dominion territory in 1910. Blacks given no rights
