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Yoga TTC 800 Ayushman Yog > 1.7 General Introduction To Shad Darshana > Flashcards

1.7 General Introduction To Shad Darshana Flashcards

1
Q

Define Shad Darshana

A

The Six Astika Schools of Philosophy. Also known as Shat Shastras.

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2
Q

What is the meaning of the word darsana?

A

Seeing or experiencing

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3
Q

What are the two schools of Hindu philosophy?

A

Astika- The Orthodox school
Nastika- the heterodox school

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4
Q

Briefly explain the Astika School of Philosophy

A

Astika is derived from the word Asti which means “knowing that which exists”. The Astika schools consider the Vedas as authoritative and reliable source of knowledge. There are six schools collectively known as the Shad Darshan

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5
Q

Name the Six Schools of the Shad Darshan and give the philosopher of each.

A

Nyaya - Maharishi Gautama
Vaisheshika - Maharishi Kanad
Samkya - Maharishi Kapila
Yoga - Maharishi Patanjali
Purva Mimamsa - Maharishi Jaimni
Uttar Mimamsa - Maharishi Veda Vyasa (Badarayana)

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6
Q

Briefly explain the Nastika School of Hindu philosophy

A

These are the heterodox schools, which reject the Vedas as authoritative texts or sources of knowledge.

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7
Q

Name five of the most popular Nastika schools of Hindu philosophy.

A

Buddhism - Gautama Budha
Jainism - Rishabhmath was the first Tirthankara, Mahavir Swami was the 24th
Charvak - Maharishi Brihaspati
Ajnani - Sanjaya Belatthiputta
Ajivika - Goshala Maskaiputra or Godala Makkhaliputta

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8
Q

What is the theory of cause and effect? What are the two ways of answering this question (group names and how they answer)

A

“Does the effect pre-exist in its material cause?”

Yes- Satkaryavadins

No- Asatkaryavadins.

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9
Q

Explain an example of Asatkaryavadin thought

A

If the pot already exists within the clay, they why should the potter exert himself? Production is a new beginning.

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10
Q

Which schools follow Asatkaryavadin thought?

A

Nyaya
Vaisheshika
Hinayana
Buddhism
Materialism
etc.

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11
Q

Explain Satkaryavadin thought and give an example.

A

The effect is not a new creation, but an explicit manifestation of that which was implicitly contained in its material cause.
Ex: The oil preexists in the sesame seed.

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12
Q

What is the question within Satkaryavadin thought regarding transformation? What are the two opposing beliefs within Satkaryavadin thought?

A

“Is the effect a real transformation or an unreal appearance if its cause?

Parinamavadins: the effect is a real transformation

Vivartavadins: the effect is an unreal appearance

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13
Q

Which schools ascribe to the Parinamavada line of thought?

A

Dankhya, Yoga, and Ramanuja

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14
Q

Who is credited for the Nyaya Darshana

A

Maharishi Gautama

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15
Q

What does Nyaya mean?

A

Rule, method, or judgement

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16
Q

Nyaya Darshana logically debates that human suffering results from mistskes produced by activity…

A

Under wrong knowledge

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17
Q

What is Parmatma?

A

The supreme being or ultimate reality

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18
Q

What is Moksha?

A

Liberation

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19
Q

Nyaya seeks to prove Parmatma’s existence based on…(four points)

A
  1. The world is an effect requiring a cause (by knowlege and power) Parmatma
  2. There is a physical and moral order, dispensing justice. Parmatma exists.
  3. There is orderliness and intelligent design in the world. Parmatma exists.
  4. There is no proof that Parmatma does not exist
  5. Parmatma is disguised from Jivatma.
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20
Q

What is Jivatma?

A

An individual soul

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21
Q

What are the 16 Padarathas ( by which the aspirant ascertains truth). Nyaya Darshan

A
  1. Pramana - means of valid knowledge
  2. Prameya -object of right knowledge
  3. Samsaya -doubt
  4. Prayojana -motive
  5. Drstanta -illustrations
  6. Siddhanta -demonstrated truth
  7. Avayavah -factors of reasoning and syllogism
  8. Tarka -reasoning and confutation
  9. Nirnaya -discernment
  10. Vada -discussion
  11. Jalpa -disputation
  12. Vitanda -objection
  13. Hetvabhasa -fallacious reasoning
  14. Chhala -unfair reasoning
  15. Jati -futile rejoinder
  16. Nigraha-sthanam -clinchers
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22
Q

In Nyaya Darshan, what are the FOUR accepted means of valid knowledge? (Pramana)

A
  1. Pratyakha (direct perception)
  2. Anumana (inference)
  3. Upamana (comparison)
  4. Sabdic (verbal testimony)
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23
Q

Jainism is one of the world’s oldest religions, originating in India at least ___________ years ago

A

2500

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24
Q

Who was the first Theethankar of Jainism?

A

Swami Rishabhdeva

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25
Q

Who was the 24th Theetthankar of Jainism?

A

Vardhmana Mahaveer

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26
Q

Jainism is a theistic religion? T or F Explain

A

Nontheistic. Jaimism does not advocate belief in a creator god, but in higher beings, devas, which are mortal and in the concept of Karma directing one’s present and future incarnations.

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27
Q

What is the spiritual goal of Jainism?

A

Liberation from the endless cycle of rebirth, moksha

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28
Q

What are the main religious premises of Jainism? 4

A

Ahimsa (non-violence)
Anektavad / Syadavad (many-sidedness)
Aparigraha (nonpossessiveness)
Asceticism (abstinence from sensual pleasure

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29
Q

What does Pancha Mahavratas mean?
List

A

THE FIVE VOWS
Ahimsa - nonviolence
Satya -speaking the truth
Asteya - nonstealing
Brahmacharya - chastity or faithfulness
Aparigraha - nonattachment to material possessions

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30
Q

Who was the original teacher of Buddhism?

A

Gautama Buddha, or Prince Siddhartha
Northern India 6th - 4 th centuries BCE

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31
Q

The central teachings of Buddhism emphasize…

A

The aim of attaining liberation from attachment or clinging to life

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32
Q

What does Buddha suggest as the means of achieving liberation?

A

The Asta Magga, or the noble eightfold path

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33
Q

What are the three basic tenets of Buddhist teaching?

A
  1. Nothing is fixed or permanent
  2. Actions have consequences
  3. Change is possible
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34
Q

Give the names of the four noble truths, list and explain each one.

A

Arya Satyas / Ariya Sacca
1. Dukkha The truth of suffering. The consequence of being unable to satisfy our desires
2. Samudaya The truth of the cause of suffering. Desire (trishna/tanha) and ignorance are the prime reasons for suffering
3. Nirodha The truth of the end of suffering. Freedom from the attachment of desire
4. Magga/marga The true path to end all suffering. The Asta Magga is the path to cessation of desires and then suffering.

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35
Q

The Eightfold Path

Samyak/ Samma… Right …

A
  1. Drishti/Ditti - understanding
  2. Sankalpa/Sankappa - resolution
  3. Vacha/vaca - Speech
  4. Karmanta/Kamanta - action
  5. Ajiva / Ajiva - livelihood
  6. Vyayama / Vayama - Effort
  7. Smriti/Sati - Mindfulness
  8. Samadhi/Samadhi - concentration
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36
Q

Charvaka, Lokayata (Brishaspati-fire)

Give the three sources of proper knowledge

A

Direct perception
Empiricism
Conditional inference

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37
Q

What is Pramana

A

“Proof” and “means of knowlege”

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38
Q

Give the philosphy of Charvaka in a nutshell.

A

Hedonists, pleasure seekers, no afterlife, YOLO

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39
Q

Explain Ajivika Darshan

A

Makkhali Gosara - philosopher
Sramana movement, rival of Buddism and Jainism
Niyati - Fate Doctrine

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40
Q

Ajnanai Darshan

A

Sanjaya Belatthiputta - philosopher
Sramana movement, rival of buddhism and jainism
Nishphalam “useless”
Knowledge is useless
“Who knows?”

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41
Q

Who is the Father of Yoga?

A

Sage Patanjali

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42
Q

Who was the first to compile yogic knowledge into 195 sutras? What is the name of this writing?

A

Sage Patanjali compiled the Patanjali Yoga Sutras.

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43
Q

The Patanjali Yoga Sutra is divided into (how many) chapters? Name the chapters and give the number of sutras in each.

A

4 chapters
Samadhi Pada - 51 sutras
Sadnha - Pada - 55 sutras
Vibhuti Pada - 55 sutras
Kaivalya Pada - 34 sutras

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44
Q

What is the definition of Yoga, according to Patanjali?
-In Sanskrit
-In English
Give scripture reference

A

Yogas chitta vritti nirodhah llPYS 1.2ll
Yoga is the stoppage of fluctuations of the mind, (mental modification)

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45
Q

Patanjali expounds on ___________Yoga,

A

Ashtanga

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46
Q

What are the eight limbs given by Patanjali to achieve supreme potential and the ultimate experience of Raja Yoga?

A
  1. Yama
  2. Niyama
  3. Asana
  4. Pranayama
  5. Pratahyara
  6. Dharana
  7. Dhyaan
  8. Samadhi
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47
Q

What are the five yamas of Patanjali?(interactions with others)

A

Ahimsa - nonviolene
Satya - non-lying
Asteya - non-stealing
Brahmacharya - purity, chastity, or fidelity
Aparigraha - non-possession

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48
Q

What are the five observances and restraints of Pantanjali’s Niyama?

A

Shaucha - cleanliness
Santosh - contentment
Tapa - self-discipline
Swadhyaya - self-reflection
Ishwar Pranidhan - surrender to a higher power

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49
Q

What is Patanjali’s definition of the third limb, asana?

A

Sthira sukham asanam llPYS 2.46ll

Asana is any state which is stable and comfortable.

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50
Q

What is the fourth limb of Patanjali? What are the four types?

A

Pranayama

-Modification of inhalation
-Modification of exhalation
- Stoppage of the breath
- The fourth transcends the subject of inhalation and exhalation.

51
Q

What is the fifth limb? (Patanjali) Describe it, and explain the role of the fifth yama in regards to the rest of the yama.

A

Pratyhara refers to the withdrawal of the sense organs from their respective objects.
Pratayhara forms the bridge between the first four limbs (Bahiranga Yoga), and the last three (Antaranga Yoga)

52
Q

What are the first four limbs (Patanjali)called collectively?

A

Bahiranga Yoga “external”
-Yama
-Niyama
-Asana
-Pranayama

53
Q

What is the 6th Yama of Patanjali?

A

Dharana - the confinement of chitta to one objecct, “concentration”

54
Q

What is Yama? (Patanjali)

A

The first limb, refers to the observances and restraints that regulate interaction with others.

55
Q

What is Niyana? (Patanjali)

A

The second limb - refers to observances and restraints that govern an individual’s personal life.

56
Q

What is Dhyan? (Patanjali)

A

The seventh limb, meditation, the method to achieve dhyana (the mind is unaffected by distractions)

57
Q

What is Samadhi? (Patanjali)

A

The eighth limb, the state of ultimate spiritual absorption or raja yoga.
The meditator becomes one with the object.

58
Q

What are the three types of Samadhi? (Patanjali)

A

Nirbeeja samadhi - spiritual bliss, self realization

Sabija samadhi - the mind is tranquil

Dharma megha samadhi - continuous insight, “cloud of Virtue”

59
Q

Antaranga Yoga includes which three limbs of Ashtanga Yoga per Sage Patanjali?

A

Dharana - concentration
Dhyan - meditation
Samadhi - Ultimate spiritual absorption or raja yoga

60
Q

Why are Samkhya and Yoga considered twin philosphies?

A

Samkhya is refered to as theoretical yoga, and Yoga is refered to as practical samkhya

61
Q

Define Pratyakha

A

Direct perception

62
Q

Define Anumana

A

Inference - drawn from reasoning or evidence

63
Q

Define Upamana

A

Comparison

64
Q

Define Sabdic

A

Verbal testimony

65
Q

Samkhya Darshan

A

The most ancient school of philosophy. In the Mahabharata it is said that there is no knowledge such as Samkhya, and no power like thet of Yoga (Shantiparva 316-2)

66
Q

Samkhya s popularly referred to as…

A

Uncompromising dualism, atheistic realism, and pluralistic spiritualism.

67
Q

What are the two eternal and distinct realities according to Samkhya dualism?

A

Prakriti or non-self material existence
Purusha or Consciousness /self

68
Q

Samkhya is “realistic” necause ot views that both __________ and __________ are equally real, and radically different from each other.

A

Matter (non-self)
Spirit (self)

69
Q

Describe pluralism according to Samkhya Darshan

A

Samkhya states that Purushas (souls) are infinite in number, because if all were one, all would become free if one attained moksha. Each of these souls is fundamentally identical.

70
Q

According to Samkhya, what is the reason for unhappiness?

A

Identification of the Prakriti with the Purusha

71
Q

Explain what Tattva is.

A

Basic concepts to understand the nature of the absolute, the souls, and the universe. There are 25 in Samkhya philosophy

72
Q

Explain the 25 Tattras of Samkhya philosophy

A
  1. Purusha (transcendental self)
  2. Prakriti (primordial nature/ unmanifest)
  3. Mahat (Buddhi /intellect)
  4. Ahamkara (ego/consciousness of self)
  5. Manas (mind)
  6. Jnanendriya (5 senses)
  7. Karmendriyan (5 motor organs)
  8. Tanmatra (5 subtle elements)
  9. Mahabhutas (5 gross elements)
73
Q

What are the accepted means of valid knowledge in Samkhya philosophy?

A
  1. Pratayaksh (perception)
  2. Anumana (inference)
  3. Sabda (verbal testimony)
74
Q

Explain the core philosophy of Samkhya philosophy.

A

Realizing the divinity within oneself, or the supreme consciousness, is the only permanent solution to all miseries of human life. Samkhya says that only when Jiva attains knowledge, does Purusha get separated from Prakriti and becomes entirely pure. (Obtains mukti from Prakriti)

75
Q

Who is called the Father of Yoga

A

Patanjali

76
Q

How many sutras are in the Patanjali Yoga Sutras?

A

195 (196 is also correct)

77
Q

How many chapters are in the PYS? Name and give the number of sutras each contains.

A

Four.
Samadhi Pada - 51 sutras
Sadhna Pada - 55 sutras
Vibhuti - Pada - 55 sutras
Kaivalya Pada - 34 sutras

78
Q

Give Patanjali’s definition of yoga in English and Sanskrit

A

Yogas-chitta-vritti-nirodhah ll1.2ll
Yoga is the stoppage of mental modification

79
Q

Patanjali expounds on _________ Yoga

A

Ashtanga

80
Q

Name the eight limbs of Yoga recognized in Ashtanga Yoga

A

Yama
Niyama
Asana
Pranayama
Pratyhara
Dharana
Dhyan
Samadhi

81
Q

Explain Yama

A

Observances and restraints that regulate interaction with others.

Ahimsa -Non-violence
Satya -non-lying
Asteya - non-stealing
Brachmacharya - purity and fidelity
Aparigraha - non-attachment to material things

82
Q

Explain Niyama

A

Observances and restraints which govern personal life

Shaucha - cleanliness
Santosh - contentment
Tapa -self-discipline
Swadhyaya - self-reflection
Ishwar Pranidhan - attunement to the supreme consciousness

83
Q

What is Asana according to Patanjali? Give sanskrit and english

A

Sthira sukham asanam llPYS 2.46ll

Asana is any state which is stable and comfortable.

84
Q

What are the four types of Pranayama suggested in PYS?

A

Modification of inhalation
Modification of exhalation
Stoppage of breath
The fourth transcends inhalation and exhalation

85
Q

Which are the four limbs of yoga that are referred to a Bahiranga Yoga? Why?

A

Yama, Niyama, Asana, and Pranayama.
These are the external practices/

86
Q

The withdrawal of the sense organs from their respective objects is called __________. The forms the bridge between ________ and ________.

A

Pratyhara
Bahiranga Yoga
Antaranga Yoga

87
Q

Explain Dharana

A

Dharana means concentration, it is the confinement of the chitta to one object

88
Q

Explain Dhyan

A

Dhyan means meditation. If Dharana is successful, then Dhyana becomes the state of mind

89
Q

Explain Samadhi

A

This is the state of spiritual absorption, or Raja Yoga. There are three types.
Nirbeeja
Sabija
Dharma Megha

90
Q

Whate are the three limbs referred to as Antiranga Yoga?

A

Dharana
Dhyan
Samadhi

91
Q

_________ and Yoga are twin philosophies.

A

Samkhya

92
Q

Samkhya is referred to as ___________yoga
Yoga is referred to as _________Samkhya

A

Theoretical
Practical

93
Q

Purva Mimamsa, name the primary philosopher

A

Maharishi Jaimini

94
Q

What does “mimamsa” mean?

A

Inquiry

95
Q

Define “purva”

A

early or first

96
Q

Purva Mimamsa is and inquiry into the first part or the ______________section of the Veda, which includes ____________ and ____________

A

Karma Kanda
Samhita
Brahmanas

97
Q

Sage Jaimini (dating back to the 2nd century BC), wrote this text intending to teach the correct performance and understanding of Vedic _______ and ________ as the means to liberation.

A

mantras, rituals

98
Q

Purva Mimamsa is an enquiry into the nature of —————

A

Duty or dharma

99
Q

According to Purva Mimamsa, what are the five broad categories of Karma?

A

Nitya Karma - daily obligitory duties
Naimittika Karma - occasional obligatory duties
Kamya Karma - Rites does to attain desired results
Prayaschitta Karma - rites for the expiation of sins
Nishiddha Karma - forbidden acts (killing, drinking, etc)

100
Q

What are the accepted means of valid knowlege according to Purva Mimamsa? (6)

A

Pratyakha (Direct Perception)
Anumāna (Inference)
Upamāna (Comparison / Analogy)
Śabdic (Verbal Testimony)
Arthapatti (Hypothesis)
Abhava (Negation)

101
Q

Who is the primary philosopher of Uttara Mimamsa?

A

Maharishi Veda Vyasa of Badarayana

102
Q

Uttara Mimamsa is an inquiry on the __________section of the Veda, which includes ________ and ________. This is also referred to as __________ or ___________

A

Jnana Kanda
Aranyaka
Upanishad
Vedanta Sutra
Brahma Sutra

103
Q

Uttara Mimamsa expounds on …

A

meditation
reflection
oneness
knowledge of self
Brahman

104
Q

The main teaching of Uttara Mimamsa is that there is one reality which is ________.
Man is one with _________ and the object of life is to realize that truth through ______, ______, and ______.

A

Brahman
Brahman
Knowledge
Intuition
Personal Experience

105
Q

Of the six darshans, which are considered twin philosophies?

A

Nyaya and Vaisheshika
Samkhya and Yoga

106
Q

_______________ means naturalism of atomism. It asserts that all objects in the phyical universe are reducible to the smallest unit called ____________ (atoms)

A

Vaisheshika
Paramanu

107
Q

According to Vaisheshika, there are nine __________________ or (substances).

A

Dravya

108
Q

What are the Panch Mahabhutas?

A

Earth
Water
Fire
Air
Ether

109
Q

Panch Mahabhutas: Vaisheshika believes that everything in the universe is created out of these 5 elements.

The remaining substances are-

A

Time
Space
Self or Soul
Mind

110
Q

All objects of experience can be classified into six categories- Dravya, Guna, Karma, Samanya, Visehsa, and Samanvaya.

A

Dravya, substance
Guna, quality
Karma, action
Samanya, generality
Visehsa, particularity
Samanvaya, inherence

111
Q

Sankhya is popularly referred to as uncompromising ____________, Atheistic _______________, and Pluralistic ____________.

A

Dualism, Realism, Spiritualism

112
Q

Dualism is the idea that the universe consists of two eternal and distinct realities. __________ and _________

A

Prakriti/non-self/material
Purusha/self/consciousness

113
Q

Realism in Samkhya refers to the view that ____________ and __________ are eaqually real.

A

matter (non-self)
spirit (self)

114
Q

Pluralism in Samkhya refers to the belief that the ______________ are infinite in number, and fundamentally __________.

A

Purushas (souls)
identical

115
Q

Samhkya stats that the reason for unhappiness in our lives is …

A

the identification of the Prakriti with the Purusha

116
Q

What is Nirguna?

A
117
Q

What is Viveka?

A

Viveka means to discriminate between Purusha and Prakriti through knowledge of the 25 tattvas.

118
Q

What is Mahat?

A

Buddhi/intellect

119
Q

What is Ahamkara?

A

ego/consciousness of self

120
Q

What is manas?

A

mind

121
Q

What is Jnanendriya

A

Sense Organs
Nose (Ghrana)
Eyes (Chaksu)
Tongue (Rasana)
Skin (Tvak)
Ears (Srotra)

122
Q

What is Karmendriyan?

A

Motor Organs
Mouth (Vak)
Hands (Pani)
Legs (Padam)
Payu (Anus)
Upastha (Genitals)

123
Q

What is Tanmatra?

A

Subtle Elements
Sound (Shabda)
Touch (Sparsha)
Vision (Roopa)
Taste (Rasa)
Smell (Gandha)

124
Q

What is Mahabhutas?

A

Gross Elements
Ether (Akasha)
Air (Vayu)
Fire (Agni)
Water (Jala)
Earth (Prithvi)

Yoga TTC 800 Ayushman Yog (85 decks)

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