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BSMS204 Theme 2 Musculoskeletal > 16. anatomy of the leg and foot > Flashcards

16. anatomy of the leg and foot Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the foot?

A

Supporting body weight
Stability/standing
Locomotion/propulsion (lever)
Shock absorption

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2
Q

Bones of the leg

A 
Fibula and tibia
Lateral and medial condyles
Superiro tibifibular joint
Tibial tuberosity
Interosseus membrane
Lateral malleolus on fibula
medial malleolus on tibia
inferior tibiofibular joint
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3
Q

joints between fibula and tibia

A

superior tibiofibular joint

inferior tibiofibular joint

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4
Q

Bones of the foot

A 
Tarsals:
Calcaneus
Talus
cuboid
Navicular
Cuneiforms

Metatarsals
Phalanges

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5
Q

features of posterior of foot

A 
calcaneal tuberosity (heel)
sustentaculum tali (extension of calcaneus over talus)
Sesmoid bones under D1 metatarsal
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6
Q

Movements of the foot

A

Dorsiflexion/extension
Plantarflexion/flexion
Eversion
Inversion
Supination (feet together - inversion/adduction)
Pronation (feet apart - eversion/abduction of front of foot)

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7
Q

Joints of the foot

A

Ankle joint - dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

Intertarsal joints (e.g. subtalar and transverse tarsal) - invert/evert, supinate

Metatarsophalangeal joints - extension/flexion, limited abduction/adduction

Interphalangeal . joints - extension and flexion

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8
Q

Ankle joint

A

extension/flexion

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9
Q

Intertarsal joint

A

Invert/evert

Supinate/pronate

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10
Q

metatarsophalangeal joints

A

extension/flexion

limited abduction/adduction

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11
Q

interphalangeal joints

A

extension/flexion

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12
Q

Ankle

A

articulation between talus and tibia/fibula

synovial hinge joint

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13
Q

What structures stabilise the ankle?

A

The lateral ligament - lateral malleolus to talus/calcaneus

Medial/deltoid ligament - medial malleolus to talus/calcaneus/navicular

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14
Q

Clinical implication of lateral/medial ligaments of ankle

A

Injury to lateral ligament (usually anterior talofibular ligament)

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15
Q

Subtalar joint

A

Between talus and calcaneus (+ navicular)

Allows inversion/eversion during locomotion

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16
Q

Transverse tarsal joint

A

Allows eversion/inversion and pronation/supination

between calcaneus and talus AND cuboid and navicular

Important for standing on uneven ground

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17
Q

Plantar aponeurosis

A
  • thickening of deep fascia
  • protects underlying structure
  • supports longitudinal arch

starts at calcaneus with longitudinal bands to to toes

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18
Q

Clinical significance of plantar aponeurosis

A

plantar fasciitis (inflammation due to overuse)

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19
Q

Arches of the foot

A

longitudinal and transverse arches

Function:
shock absorbers during locomotions
Act as springboards
Distribute weight to calcaneus and ball of foot

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20
Q

Longitudinal arches

A

Lateral and medial longitudinal arches

Lateral - calcaneus, cuboid, lateral metatarsals

medial - medial metatarsals, cuneiform, navicular, calcaneus

Lateral much less defines than medial

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21
Q

What support the longitudinal arches?

A

long tendons, intrinsic plantar muscles, intrinsic ligaments and plantar aponeurosis

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22
Q

Clinical implication of longitudinal arches?

A

Fallen medial longitudinal arch can lead to pes planus (flat feet)

23
Q

Transverse arch

A

supported by long tendons (mainly fibularis longus)

24
Q

Fibularis longus

A

long tendon supporting the transverse arch

25
Q

Muscle compartments

A

Anterior - extend/invert foot- deep fibular nerve

Posterior - flex/invert foot - tibial nerve

Lateral - evert foot - superficial fibular nerve

26
Q

Deep fibular nerve supplies

A

anterior muscle compartment which extends/invert foot

27
Q

Tibial nerve

A

Posterior muscle compartment which flexes/inverts foot

28
Q

Superficial fibular nerve

A

lateral muscle compartment - evert foot

29
Q

Anterior compartment of leg

A

Three muscles
Extend (dorsiflex) and invert foot

Origin: tibia and fibula

Insertion: extensor retinaculum

Supplied by deep fibular nerve

30
Q

Anterior leg muscles

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus

31
Q

Tibialis anterior

A

origin: tibia and fibula
insertion: extensor retinaculum

Extends/inverts foot

supplied by deep fibular nerve

32
Q

Extensor digitorum longus

A

origin: tibia and fibula
insertion: extensor retinaculum

Extends lateral 4 toes (not big toe)

Supplied by deep fibular nerve

33
Q

Extensor hallucis longus

A

Origin: tibia & fibula
Inserts: extensor retinaculum

Extends great toe

Supplied by deep fibular nerve

34
Q

Anterior compartment of leg

A

Extensor digitorum longus - middle and distal phalanges

Tibialis anterior - medial cuneiform and 1st metatarsal

Extensor hoods - dorsal digital expansions

Extensor hallucis longus - distal phalanx of great toe

35
Q

Posterior compartment

A

two groups

Superficial - flex (plantarflex) foot and leg
Deep group - flex (plantarflex) and invert foot and flex toes

36
Q

Superficial group of posterior compartment of leg

A

Flex (plantar flex) foot and leg

gastrocnemius - origin: condyles of femur
soleus - origin: tibia and fibula
plantaris - origin: femur

supplied by tibial nerve

gastrocnemius inserts into tendo calcaneus

37
Q

Deep group of posterior compartment of leg

A

Flex (plantar flec) and invert foot and flex toes

Origin: tibia and fibula
Mirrors anterior compartment

Tibialis posterior - inverts foot

Flexor digitorum longus - flexor of lateral 4 toes - corsses tibialis posterior

Flexor hallucis longus - flexor of great toe

Insert into flexor retinaculum

38
Q

Flexor digitorum longus

A

Flexes lateral 4 toes

to distal phalanges (crosses flexor hallucis longus)

39
Q

Tibialis posterior

A

inverts foot

to medial cuneiform and navicular

40
Q

Flexor hallucis longus

A

flexes great toe
to distal phalanx of great toe
Enters groove on talus and calcaneus

41
Q

Lateral compartment of leg

A

Evert

Superficial fibular nerve

Origin: fibula

Fibularis longus (everts and plantar flexes foot)

Fibularis brevis

42
Q

Fiburalis longus

A

Everts and plantar flexes foot
Origin: fibula
Inserts: Medial cuneiform & 1st metatarsal

43
Q

fibularis brevis

A

everts foot
Origin: fibula
inserts: 5th metartarsal

44
Q

Lateral ong tendons of the foot

A

Lateral: Extensor retinaculum containing extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus
Fibular retinaculum containing fibularis longus/brevis

45
Q

Medial:

A

Tibialis anterior in medial side of extensor retinaculum

Tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus in flexor retinaculum

46
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the foot

A

Many layers
dorsal extensors - 1 layer
plantar flexors/abductors/adductors - 4 layers

47
Q

Blood supply

A

popliteal artery -> anterior tibial artery -> posterior tibial artery -> fibular artery

48
Q

Tarsal tunnel

A 
Flexor retinaculum
Contents:
Tibialis posterior
Flexor Digitorum longus
posterior tibial Artery/Vein
tibial Nerve
flexor Hallucis longus

Tom, Dick And Very Naughty Harry

Clinical relevance: pulse

49
Q

Median/lateral plantar arteries

A

Lateral plantar artery
Forms deep plantar arch

Posterior tibial artery -> medial plantar artery and lateral plantar artery

50
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

Anterior compartment: anterior tibial artery goes to dorsalis pedis, anastomosis with deep palmar arch

Sits beside the extensor hallucis longus tendon

51
Q

Nerve supply to the leg

A

supplied by the terminal branches of the sciatic nerve

Tibial - posterior compartment
Deep fibular - anterior compartment
Superficial fibular - lateral compartment

52
Q

Tibial nerve

A

Tibial nerve
Posterior tibial artery
Tibial nerve enters tarsal tunnel

Give the medial and lateral plantar nerves

Motor: posterior compartment of leg and plantar intrinsic muscles

Clinical: tarsal tunnel syndrome

53
Q

Common fibular nerve

A

common fibular nerve to superficial and deep fibular nerves

anterior tibial artery runs down the front

Motor: deep - anterior compartment of leg and dorsal intrinsic muscles

Superficial - lateral compartment of leg

Clinical: trauma to common fibular nerve (foot drop)

54
Q

Cutaneous nerve

A

Medial/lateral plantal nerves (tibial) supply sole of foot

BSMS204 Theme 2 Musculoskeletal (22 decks)

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