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BSMS204 Theme 2 Musculoskeletal > 1. Morphological plan of the upper limb > Flashcards

1. Morphological plan of the upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are most mammals and why?

A

Quadrapedal

Locomotion, climbing

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2
Q

What changes led to bipedalism

A 
Man
Bipedal – free upper limb 	
	(environment change, hunter gatherers, making stone tools, carrying)
Anatomical evolution:	
	- Changes to the foot, hip, knee, vertebral column, skull
	- Longer clavicles
	- Pronation/Supination
	- Opposable thumb
	Mechanical interaction with environment
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3
Q

Upper limb

A

32 bones
57 muscles
Brachial plexus
Major vessels

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4
Q

Arrangement of upper limb

A

Shoulder

Arm

Elbow

Forearm

Wrist

Hand

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5
Q

Limb movements

A

Flexion/Extension

Abduction/Adduction

Lateral/medial rotation

Pronation/spination

Circumduction

Opposition

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6
Q

Skeleton of upper limb

A 
Pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Carpal bones x8
Metacarpals x5
Phalanges x14
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7
Q

Anterior parts of scapula

A 
Acromion
Coricoid
Lesser tubercle (more medial)
Greater tubercle (more lateral)
Intertubercular sulcus/bicepital groove
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
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8
Q

Posterior parts of scapula

A

Superior angle
Spine
Inferior angle
Deltoid tuberosity

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9
Q

Anterior parts of radius

A

Head
Radial tuberosity
Styloid process of radius

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10
Q

Anterior part of ulna

A

Olecranon (elbow bit)
Ulna tuberosity
Styloid process of ulna

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11
Q

What is the structure between the radius and the ulna?

A

interosseous membrane

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12
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Between scapula and humerus

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13
Q

Radiocarpal joint

A

The wrist, between the radius and the carpals

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14
Q

midcarpal joint

A

between two rows of carpals

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15
Q

carpometacarpal joint

A

between carpal and metacarpal bones

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16
Q

Elbow

A

between humerus and radius/ulna

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17
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joint

A

between metacarpal and phalange

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18
Q

interphalangeal

A

between two phalangeal bones

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19
Q

Limb movements

A 
Extension/flexion
Abduction/adduction
Medial/lateral rotation
Pronation/spination
Circumduction
Opposition
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20
Q

What are the anterior compartments of the upper limb known as?

A

Flexor compartments

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21
Q

What are the posterior compartments of the upper limb known as

A

Extensor compartments

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22
Q

Functional compartments of upper limb

A

Flexor and extensor compartments

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23
Q

Muscles from vertebral column

A

Superficial back muscles

24
Q

Muscles from thoracic wall

A

Pectoralis major and minor

Serratus anterior

25
Origin, insertion and function of pec major
Origin: clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages Insertion: lateral lip of bicepital groove Function: adductor, flexor and medial rotator of arm
26
Origin and insertion of pec minor
Origin: ribs 3-5 Insertion: coracoid process Function: draws scapula forward, protracting shoulder
27
Serratus anterior origin and insertion
Origin: medial wall of thorax from upper 8 ribs, passes posteriorly Insertion: medial edge of scapula Function: protracts shoulder, draws scapula forward
28
Muscles of shoulder joint
Deltoid Rotator cuff muscles Teres major
29
Flexors of the arm
These are anterior Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis
30
Extensors of the arm
Posterior, only 1 | Triceps brachii
31
Muscles of the forearm
Anterior - flexors of wrist and digits, start at medial epicondyle Posterior - extensors of wrist and digits, start from lateral epicondyle
32
Muscles of hand
Thenar, next to thumb/D1 | Hypothenar next to D5
33
Movements of vertebral column
Extension/flexion Lateral extension/flexion Rotation
34
Curvatures of back
Anteriorly: thoracic and sacral - kyphoses, primary, present from birth Posteriorly: cervical and lumbar, lordoses, secondary, present from childhood and allow transition from crawling to walking
35
Ligament functions
Reinforce and stabilise joints | Limit range of movement
36
Ligaments of vertebrae
Anterior: anterior longitudinal ligament, resists hyperextension Posterior: posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flava, resists hyperflexion
37
What is an example of clinical relevance of ligaments?
anterior longitudinal ligament injury following whiplash
38
Intervertebral joints and discs
Intervertebral joints for weight bearing and strength Secondary cartilaginous -> fibrocartilage intervertebral discs act as shock absorbers
39
What is thicker, lumbar disc or cervical?
Lumbar Disc thickness increases down the vertebral column
40
Parts of intervertebral disc
Nucleus pulposus - semi fluid core which acts as sponge Annulus fibrosus - outer strong bit
41
Clinical relevance of intervertebral disc
Disc protrusion/ nucleus pulposus herniation can impinge on nerves
42
Facet joints
Synovial joints between vertebral arches movement depends on joint angle
43
Cervical facet joint
Slight slope so allows flexion, extension and rotation
44
Thoracic facet joint
Nearly vertical, allows rotation
45
Lumbar facet joint
Wrapped, allows extension and flexion
46
Clinical relevance of facet joints?
Degeneration of facet joints can cause back pain
47
Muscles of back
Extrinsic muscles move upper limbs/ribs - superficial and intermediate Intrinsic muscles are postural and move vertebral column - deep These are seperated by thoracolumbar fascia
48
Superficial back muscles
Attach upper limb to trunk Trapezius and lattisimus dorsi
49
Trapezius
Rotates scapula Upper, middle and lower fibres originates from skull, nuchal protrubance and spinous processes of C7-T12 Insert onto clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
50
Lattisimus dorsi
Medial rotation of arm, adducts arm, extends arm Originates from thoracolumbar fascia, spinous processes of T7-T12, iliac crest and inferior three ribs Inserts onto bicepital groove
51
What superficial muscles are behind the trapezius?
Levator scapulae - elevates scapula. Begins in neck Rhomboids (minor and major) - retract scapula
52
Deep muscles
Three layers: 1. Splenius (most superficial, in neck) 2. Erector spinae (main group) 3. Multifidus (very deep)
53
Erector spinae
In groove between spinous processes and angle of ribs. Extend, laterally flex and rotate vertebral column Originate from erector spinae aponeurosis Spinales to spinous processes Longissimus to transverse processes Iliocostalis to ribs
54
Multifidus
Extends, rotates and stabilises vertebral column from transverse process to spinous processes
55
Nerve supply of back
Anterior primary ramus to intrinsic muscles (mainly cervical rami) Posterior primary ramus to intrinsic muscles

BSMS204 Theme 2 Musculoskeletal (22 decks)

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