14. Morphological plan of the lower limb

Question 1

Lower limb

Answer 1

Similar to upper limb

Some modifications

Bipedal

• Locomotion
• Weight bearing
• High stresses

Question 2

Comparison with lower limb

Answer 2

Lower limbs closer together

Extensors are anterior

Flexors are posterior

• Medial rotation in development (week 6-8)
• Brings posterior compartment anterior

Question 3

Skeleton

Answer 3

Question 4

Pelvis

Answer 4

Question 5

Femur

Answer 5

Question 6

Tibia, fibula and foot

Answer 6

Question 7

Limb movements

Answer 7

• Flexion/Extension
• Abduction/Adduction
• Lateral/medial rotation
• Pronation/supination
• Circumduction

Question 8

Joints and movements

Answer 8

Question 9

Functional compartments

Answer 9

Question 10

Gluteal muscles

Answer 10

Question 11

Gluteus maximus

Answer 11

Question 12

Gluteus medius and minimus

Answer 12

Question 13

Small muscles of the gluteal region

Answer 13

Question 14

Anterior compartment of thigh

Answer 14

Question 15

Quadraceps

Answer 15

Question 16

Posterior compartment of the thigh

Answer 16

Question 17

Movements of hamstring

Answer 17

• Flex knee
• Extend hip
• Medial rotation
• Lateral rotation

Question 18

Medial compartment of thigh

Answer 18

Question 19

Movements of muscles in medial compartment of thigh

Answer 19

Adduction

• Medial rotation

(- Extension)

Question 20

Movements of thigh

Answer 20

Question 21

flexion muscles

Answer 21

Rectus femoris

Sartorius

Iliopsoas (Iliacus and psoas major)

Insert: lesser trochanter

Question 22

extension muscles

Answer 22

Gluteus maximus

Hamstrings

Hamstring part of adductor magnus

Question 23

abduction muscles

Answer 23

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimus

Question 24

adduction muscles

Answer 24

Adductor longus

Adductor brevis

Adductor part of adductor magnus

Pectineus

Gracilis

Question 25

medial and lateral rotation of thigh

Answer 25

Gluteal muscles, hamstrings, adductors and short rotators

Question 26

Nerve supply

Answer 26

Question 27

Femoral nerve

Answer 27

runs over top of iliacus

under inguinal ligament

Question 28

Obturator nerve

Answer 28

Question 29

Sciatic nerve

Answer 29

Question 30

Blood supply

Answer 30

Question 31

Femoral triangle

Answer 31

Question 32

Clinical significance of femoral triangle

Answer 32

– femoral hernia (femoral canal), angioplasty, femoral nerve block, venepuncture

Question 33

Femoral artery

Answer 33

Question 34

Popliteal vessels

Answer 34

Question 35

tibial arteries

Answer 35

Question 36

Venous drainage

Answer 36

Deep veins follow arteries

Two major superficial veins:

• Great or long saphenous vein
• Small or short saphenous vein
• Drain dorsal venous arch of foot

Question 37

Clincial significance of venous drainage

Answer 37

Clinical – Varicose veins (damage to valves in perforating veins leads to pooling of blood in superficial veins - varicosities)

Question 38

Great saphenous vein

Answer 38

Longest vein in body

Drains medial side of arch

Medial side of limb

Drains into femoral vein in femoral triangle

Question 39

Small saphenous vein

Answer 39

Drains lateral side of arch

Pierces deep politeal fascia

Drains into popliteal vein

Question 40

lymphatic drainage

Answer 40

®Follows general pattern of superficial and deep veins

• Superficial inguinal nodes

Drain skin and superficial fascia of lower limb

• Deep inguinal node

Beside femoral vein

Question 41

Dermatomes

Answer 41