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BSMS204 Theme 2 Musculoskeletal > 10. Principles of articulation > Flashcards

10. Principles of articulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is an articulation?

A

An articulation or joint or arthrosis is a point of contact between:
neighbouring bones
bone and cartilage
bone and teeth

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2
Q

Joint classification

A

Different types of joints classified by:

	- structure
	- function
	- movement

Example of ‘shoulder’ articulation:
glenohumeral
sternoclavicular
acromioclavicular

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3
Q

Joint classification

A

Structural classification

Functional classification

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4
Q

Structural classification

A

Presence or absence of a synovial cavity and the type of connective tissue.
Described as either fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

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5
Q

Functional classification

A

Based on the degree of movement permitted:
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (partially moveable)
Diarthrosis (freely moveable)

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6
Q

Fibrous joints

A

No synovial cavity
Held together by a fibrous connective tissue
Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)

Three types of fibrous joint:

  1. Suture
  2. Syndesmosis
  3. Interosseous membrane
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7
Q

Suture

A

Fibrous joint

Unite skull bones
Thin layer of dense connective tissue
Irregular
Interlocking edges provide strength, permit no movement (synarthrosis)
Ossification of a suture forms a synostosis
e.g. left & right sides of frontal bone fuse ~6 years of age

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8
Q

syndesmosis

A

fibrous joint
More connective tissue than seen in a suture
Crosses a greater distance than a suture
Connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
Typically permit slight movement (amphiarthrosis)

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9
Q

examples of syndesmosis

A

anterior tibiofibular ligament (fibula to tibia)

gomphosis (dentoalveolar)

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10
Q

interosseous membranes

A

Sheet of dense connective tissue
Binds adjacent long bones
Amphiarthrosis
Two main examples between the radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibia in the leg

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11
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

No synovial cavity
Held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Permits little or no movement (synarthrosis/amphiarthrosis)
Two types of cartilaginous joint:
1. Synchrondosis
2. Symphysis

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12
Q

Synchrondosis

A

Cartilaginous joint

The connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
Synarthrosis
Example: epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

At skeletal maturity the epiphysis, metaphysis and epiphyseal plate fuse forming a synostosis

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13
Q

Symphysis

A

Connective tissue is fibrocartilage
Adjacent bones lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage connects the bones
Amphiarthrosis
All symphysis occur in the midline of the body:
Junction of the manubrium and sternum
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis

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14
Q

Synovial joints

A

Synovial (joint) cavity between articulating bones
Freely moveable - diarthrosis
Layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage

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15
Q

Articular cartilage

A

a synovial joint structure

Covers the bones at synovial joints
Avascular

Composed of collagen and proteoglycan
Orientation of collagen structure imparts resistance to compression & an extremely low resistance surface

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16
Q

Articular capsule - a synovial joint structure

A

Encapsulates a synovial joint
Composed of two layers:
1. outre fibrous membrane connecting to periosteum
2. Inner layer termed synovial membrane

17
Q

Outer fibrous membrane of articular capsule

A

Outer fibrous membrane connects to periosteum

  • Flexibility permits movement
  • Fibres arranged into bundles – high tensile strength
18
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Inner layer of articular capsule

  • areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres
  • occasionally contains structural articular fat pads
19
Q

Synovial fluid - synovial joint structure

A

Secreted by synovial membrane

Rich in hyaluronic acid, secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma

Lubricates articular surface – reducing friction
Provides some shock-absorbing properties
Supplies nutrition to, and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
Phagocytes remove microbes and debris

20
Q

Accessory ligaments of synovial joints

A

Intracapsular ligaments within the joint capsule

- Excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane	
- e.g. anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee

Extracapsular ligaments outside the joint capsule
- e.g. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee

21
Q

Accessory articular discs

A

Fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage of some synovial joints e.g.meniscus of the knee
Called meniscii or articular discs
Help maintain joint stability
Direct the flow of synovial fluid

Meniscal tears (common in athletes)

22
Q

Nerve and blood supply to synovial joints

A

Nerve endings same as those that supply associated muscles
Distributed to the articular capsule and associated ligaments
Pain and proprioception

Many components of the synovial joint are avascular
Rely on numerous branching of arteries and veins to supply associated tissue

23
Q

Bursae and tendon sheaths

A

Moving parts of joints can cause friction
Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with synovial like membrane
Bursae cushion movement between body parts

Tendon sheaths are similar to bursae
Specialised membranes that wrap around tendons
Especially where many tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule

24
Q

Types of synovial joints - movement

A 
Planar
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball & Socket
25
Q

Types of synovial joints - planar

A

Surfaces flat or slightly curved
Permit back and forth, and side to side movements

Examples include:

  • intercarpal joints (between carpal bones at the wrist)
  • intertarsal joints (between tarsal bones at the ankle)
26
Q

Types of synovial joints - hinge

A 
Concave surface of one bone fits the
convex surface of another
Permits motion in a single axis (flexion and extension)
Examples include:
- knee joints
- elbow joints
27
Q

Types of synovial joints - pivot

A

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone
pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament
Permits rotation in it’s longitudinal axis (monoaxial)

Examples include:

  • radioulnar joints
  • atlanto-axial joint
28
Q

Types of synovial joints - condyloid

A

Convex oval projection of one bone fit into
the oval depression of the other.
Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction)

Examples include:

  • wrist joint
  • metacarpophalangeal joints
29
Q

Types of synovial joints - saddle

A

One bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes
Modified condyloid joint
Permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation))

Examples include:
- d1 carpometacarpal joint

30
Q

Types of synovial joints - ball and socket

A

Ball-like surface of one bone fits into the
cup-like depression of the other
Triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation)

Examples include:

  • shoulder joint
  • hip joint
31
Q

joint systems example

A

Interactions between humerus, scapula, clavicle, and sternum, allow wide ranging movement. The component joints include:

acromioclavicular
sternoclavicular
glenohumeral

32
Q

Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

A

Synovial ball and socket joint
Joint between the proximal humerus and the scapula (glenoid fossa)
Due to the shallowness of the glenoid cavity, it is the most mobile joint in the body

 Glenoid labrum; a narrow rim of fibrocartilage – deepens glenoid
Stabilised by three ligaments:
- glenohumeral
- coracohumeral
- transverse humeral
Four associated bursae
33
Q

glenohumeral joint - rotator cuff muscles

A 
Most strength from rotator cuff muscles:
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis

Join the scapula with the humerus
Encircle the joint and fuse with joint capsule

34
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A

Technically a synovial gliding joint (planar) but it acts like a pivot
Joint between the acromion (part of the scapula) and the clavicle

Stabilised by three ligaments:
-acromioclavicular
-coracoacromial
-coracolclavicular (conoid and trapezoid)
Allows the movement of the scapula, permitting greater arm rotation (above the head)

35
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

Synovial saddle joint
Medial clavicle fits into a hollow formed by the superlateral surface of the manubrium and the medial costal cartilage of the first rib.
Fibrocartilagenous articular disc divides the joint into two synovial cavities
Reinforced by interclavicular, anterior, and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments
Although a saddle joint – is capable of triaxial movement – all movement is passive

36
Q

What is the most mobile joint in the body?

A

Glenohumeral joint

because of the shallowness of the glenoid cavity

BSMS204 Theme 2 Musculoskeletal (22 decks)

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