Lab - Dogfish Shark Muscles

Question 1

What are the three types of muscle in vertebrates?

Answer 1

Skeletal (striated) muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

Question 2

What are the two types of skeletal muscle?

Answer 2

Somatic - found on axial skeleton and appendages
Branchiomeric - Visceral muscles attached to the visceral skeleton

Question 3

Name the structures labelled 1-5

Answer 3

1. Epaxial muscles
2. Hypaxial muscles
3. Dorsal skeletogenous septum
4. Horizontal skeletogenous septum
5. Ventral skeletogenous septum

Question 4

Darker muscle bundles whose fibres run more longitudinally close to the horizontal septum are referred to as ______. Describe this muscle type

Answer 4

Red muscle.
Full of oxygen and does not fatigue. Used for normal swimming.

Question 5

Name the structures labelled 1-10, including their origin, insertion, and action

Answer 5

1. Intermandibularis (O: Mandibular cartilage I: Raphe in the ventral midline A: Elevates floor of oral cavity)
2. Interhyoideous (O: Ceratohyl cartilage I: Raphe in the ventral midline A: Elevates floor of oral cavity)
3. Coracomandibular (O: Coracoarcuals I: Mandibular cartilage A: Depresses floor of oral cavity and pharynx)
4. 2nd ventral branchial contrictor (O: Ventral tendinous intersection I: Interbranchial septa A: Constrict branchial pouches)
5. Branchial constrictors (See above)
6. Coracoarcual (O: Scapulacoracoid cartilage I: Basihyl A: Depresses floor of oral cavity and pharynx)
7. Linea alba
8. Pectoral adductor (O: Scapulacoracoid cartilage I: Basal and radial pterygiophores A: Depresses pectoral fin)
9. Coracohyoid (O: Coracoarcuals I: Basihyl cartilage A: Depresses floor of oral cavity and pharynx)
10. Coracobranchials (O: Coracoarcuals I: Ceratobranchial cartilages A: Depresses floor of oral cavity and pharynx)

Question 6

Which muscles are part of the rectus cervicis?

Answer 6

Coracoarcuals and coracohyoids

Question 7

The pectoral and pelvic fins consist of an _____ and an ______. Identify which ones depress and which ones elevate the fins.

Answer 7

Adductor - Depresses
Abductor - Raises

Question 8

List the origin, insertion, and action of the pelvic adductor, abductor and the pectoral adductor, abductor

Answer 8

Pectoral abductor (O: scapulacoracoid cartilage I: Basal and radial pterygiophores A: Elevates pectoral fin)
 Pectoral adductor (O: scapulacoracoid cartilage I: Basal and radial pterygiophores A: Depresses pectoral fin)

Pelvic abductor (O: Hypaxial myomeres and iliac process I: radial pterygiophores A: Elevates pelvic fin)
Pelvic adductor proximal (O: Puboischiatic plate I: Metapterygium A: Depresses pelvic fin)
Pelvic adductor distal (O: Metapterygium I: Radial pterygiophores A: Depresses pelvic fin)

Question 9

Name the muscles labelled A-C

Answer 9

A - Intermandubularis
B - Coracoarcual
C - Pectoral adductor

Question 10

Name the muscles labelled A and B

Answer 10

A - Coracomandibular
B- Coracohyoid

Question 11

Name the muscles labelled in this picture. Give the origin, insertion, and action of each

Answer 11

1. Levator palatoquadrati (O: Otic capsule I: Palatoquadrate cartilage A: Elevates palatoqudrate)
2. Spiracularis (O: Otic capsule I: Rostral wall of spiracle A: Closes spiracle)
3. Levator hyomandibulae (O: Otic capsule I: Hyomandibular cartilage A: Elevates hyomandibula and jaw complex)
4. Dorsal hyoid constrictor (O: Otic capsule I: Hyomandibula and first dorsal tendinous intersection A: Constricts first branchial pouch)
5. Epibranchial muscles
6. Cucullaris (O: Epibranchial connective tissue I: Scapulacoracoid cartilage and cartilage of last branchial arch A: Protracts pectoral fin: elevates gills)
7. Epaxial muscles
8. Hypaxial muscles
9. Pectoral abductor (O: Scapulacoracoid cartilage I:Basal and radial pterygiophores A: Elevates pectoral fin)
10. Pectoral adductor (O: Scapulacoracoid cartilage I: Basal and radial pterygiophores A: Depresses pectoral fin)
11. Ventral branchial constrictors (O: Ventral tendinous intersections I: Interbranchial septa A: Constricts branchial pouches)
12. Ventral hyoid constrictors (O: Connective tissue superficial to interhyoideus muscle I: Raphe in the ventral midline A: Constricts first branchial pouch)
13. Intermandibularis(O: Mandibular cartilage I: Raphe in the ventral midline A: Elevates the floor of the oral cavity)
14. Adductor mandibulae (O: Adductor process of palatoquadrate cartilage I: Mandibular cartilage A: Closes the jaws)
15. Preorbitalis (O: Ventral chondrocranium I: Mandibular cartilage A: Protracts the jaws)

Question 12

Name the muscles labelled in this picture. State the origin, insertion, and action of each

Answer 12

A - Levator palatoquadrati (O: Otic capsule I: Palatoquadrate cartilage A: Elevates palatoquadrate cartilage)
B - Spiracularis (O: Otic capsule I: Rostral wall of spiracle A: Closes spiracle)
C - Adductor mandibulae (O: Adductor process of palatoqudrate cartilage I: Mandibular cartilage A: Closes jaw)
D - Levator hyomandibulae (O: Otic capsule I: Hyomandibular cartilage A: Elevates hyomandibula and jaw complex)
E - Cucllaris (O: Epibranchial connective tissue I: Scapulacoracoid cartilage A: Protracts pectoral fin, elevates gill apparatus)
F - Pectoral abductor (O: Scapulacoracoid cartilage I: Basal and radial pretygiophores A: Elevates pectoral fin)
G - Epaxial muscle
H - Hypaxial muscle
I - Preorbitalis (O: Ventral chrondrocranium I: Mandibular cartilage A: Protreacts jaw)

Question 13

Name the muscles labelled in this photo. List the origin, insertion, and action for the 2-muscle group pictured

Answer 13

1. Levator palatoquadrati
2. Levator hyomandibulae
3. Dorsal interarcual (O: Pharyngo-branchial cartilages I: Pharyngo-branchial cartilage of next caudal branchial arch A: Draw skeletal elements of branchial arches together)
4. Lateral interarcual (O: Epibranchial cartilages I: Pharyngobranchial cartilage A: Draw skeletal elements together)
5. Branchial adductor
6. Interacuals
7. Coracobranchial
8. Coracohyoid
9. Coracmandibular
10. Position of adductor mandibulae
11. Preorbitalis