14:urbanisation-problems And Solutions, big City Life Flashcards
Rubbish
Too much/too little
Too many/too few
Too much/too little:
With uncountable nouns:
Traffic, Time, money, space, work,rubbish
Too many/too little:
With countable nouns:
People
Deal with
Poverty
poverty [ˈpovəti]
♦ noun
the condition of being poor: They lived in extreme poverty; the poverty of the soil.
فقر
Find a solution
Overcome a difficulty
Solve or resolve a problem
Remedy a situation
remedy [ˈremədi]– plural ˈremedies –
♦ noun
a cure for an illness or something bad: I know a good remedy for toothache.
درمان؛ علاج
♦ verb
to put right: These mistakes can be remedied.
جبران کردن
remedial [rəˈmiːdiəl]
♦ adjective
able to, or intended to, put right or to correct or cure: She does remedial work with the less clever children; remedial exercises.
درمانی؛ اصلاحی؛ ترمیمی
Resolve an issue or problem
Reach or find a compromise
compromise [ˈkomprəmaiz]
♦ noun
(a) settlement of differences in which each side gives up something it has previously demanded: We argued for a long time but finally arrived at a compromise.
مصالحه؛ سازش
Unemployment
Problem
Difficulty, dilemma, challenge,obstacle
Obstacle
obstacle [ˈobstəkl]
♦ noun
something which prevents progress: His inability to learn foreign languages was an obstacle to his career.
مانع
obstacle race
a race in which runners have to climb over, crawl through etc obstacles such as tyres, nets etc .
دو صحرایی با مانع
Dilemma
dilemma [diˈlemə, ˈdailemə]
♦ noun
a position or situation giving two choices, neither pleasant: His dilemma was whether to leave the party early so as to get a lift in his friend’s car, or to stay and walk eight kilometres home.
تنگنا؛ دو راهی ناخوشایند
difficult situation, difficult decision
Solution
Answer, key, remedy,resolution
Setback
Problem
[ˈsetˌbak]
noun - setback
شکست: defeat, failure, fracture, setback, break, losing
مانع: obstacle, barrier, hindrance, impediment, hurdle, setback
تنزل: degradation, decay, depreciation, depression, decadence, setback
Enhance
Improve
Aggravate
Make worse
Linger
Stay along time
linger [ˈliŋgə]
♦ verb
1 to remain, last or continue for a long time or after the expected time: The smell of the bad fish lingered for days.
دیر رفتن
2 to proceed slowly or delay: We lingered in the hall, looking at the pictures.
تاخیر کردن
Worsen
بدتر شدن
Compound, deteriorate, enhance,exacerbate
Improve
Advance, flourish, progress,reform
Chance
Acclimatise, adapt, adjust, amend, modify,transform
Long-sighted
adjective - long-sighted
دوربین: long-sighted
عاقبت اندیش: farseeing, provident, long-sighted
Long-term / short-term
One-sided
Booming
boom1 [buːm]
♦ noun
a sudden increase in a business etc : a boom in the sales of TV sets.
رونق؛ رشد سریع
♦ verb
to increase suddenly (and profitably): Business is booming this week.
رونق یافتن
Enormous
enormous [iˈnoːməs]
♦ adjective
very large: The new building is enormous; We had an enormous lunch.
عظیم؛ فوق العاده
eˈnormousness
♦ noun
.
عظمت
eˈnormity
♦ noun
1 great wickedness.
قباحت
2 hugeness.
عظمت
Staggering
adjective - staggering
متناوب: intermittent, alternative, alternating, periodic, alternate, staggering
گیج: dizzy, staggering, astounding, confounded, hazy, giddy
Enormous strain
strain1 [strein]
♦ verb
1 to exert oneself or a part of the body to the greatest possible extent: They strained at the door, trying to pull it open; He strained to reach the rope.
خود را از توان انداختن
2 to injure (a muscle etc ) through too much use, exertion etc : He has strained a muscle in his leg; You’ll strain your eyes by reading in such a poor light.
آسيب رساندن
3 to force or stretch (too far): The constant interruptions were straining his patience.
به خود فشار آوردن
4 to put (eg a mixture) through a sieve etc in order to separate solid matter from liquid: She strained the coffee.
از صافي گذراندن
♦ noun
1 force exerted; Can nylon ropes take more strain than the old kind of rope?
فشار
2 (something, eg too much work etc , that causes) a state of anxiety and fatigue: The strain of nursing her dying husband was too much for her; to suffer from strain.
فرسودگي
3 (an) injury especially to a muscle caused by too much exertion: muscular strain.
ضرب ديدگي
4 too great a demand: These constant delays are a strain on our patience.
فشار روحي؛زور
strained
♦ adjective
(of a person’s manner, behaviour etc ) not natural, easy or relaxed: a strained smile.
تصنعي
ˈstrainer
♦ noun
a sieve or other utensil for separating solids from liquids: a coffee-/tea-strainer.
صاف كن
strain off
to remove (liquid) from eg vegetables by using a sieve etc : When the potatoes were cooked, she strained off the water.
صاف كردن
Infrastructure
[ˈinfrəˌstrəkCHər]
noun - infrastructure
شالوده: infrastructure, foundation, base, kernel, texture, skeleton
زیر بنا: infrastructure, substruction, substructure
سازمان: organization, structure, establishment, infrastructure, regime, conformation
پیدایش: appearance, genesis, birth, infrastructure, emersion, nativity
زیر سازی: infrastructure, substructure, cushion, substruction
Necessities
noun - necessity
ضرورت: necessity, urgency, exigency, exigence
لزوم: need, necessity, indigence, requisiteness, incumbency, supply
نیاز: need, requirement, demand, necessity, want
احتیاج: need, requirement, necessity, lack, penury, requisite
نیازمندی: need, requirement, necessity, indigence
بایستگی: necessity, need
Migrant
[ˈmīgrənt]
adjective - migrant
سیار: mobile, itinerant, moving, ambulatory, wandering, migrant
جانور مهاجر: migrant
noun - migrant
کوچ کننده: emigrant, migrant
کوچگر: migrant
Rural migrant
Adequate
adequate [ˈӕdikwət]
♦ adjective
sufficient; enough: He does not earn a large salary but it is adequate for his needs.
کافی
ˈadequately
♦ adverb
.
به اندازه کافی
ˈadequacy
♦ noun
.
کفایت؛ بسندگی
Decent
decent [ˈdiːsnt]
♦ adjective
1 fairly good; of fairly good quality: a decent standard of living.
مناسب؛ شایسته
2 kindly, tolerant or likeable: He’s a decent enough fellow.
آراسته؛ محجوب
3 not vulgar or immoral; modest: Keep your language decent!
مودبانه
ˈdecency
♦ noun
(the general idea of) what is proper, fitting, moral etc ; the quality or act of being decent: In the interests of decency, we have banned nude bathing; He had the decency to admit that it was his fault.
شایستگی؛ بزرگواری
ˈdecently
♦ adverb
in a manner acceptable to the general idea of what is proper or suitable: You’re not going out unless you’re decently dressed.
بطور شایسته؛ بطور مناسب
Catastrophic
[ˌkatəˈsträfik]
adjective - catastrophic
فاجعه انگیز: catastrophic
مصیبت بار: catastrophic, calamitous, baleful
Slums
slum [slam]
♦ noun
a group of houses, blocks of flats, street etc where the conditions are dirty and overcrowded and the building(s) usually in a bad state: That new block of flats is rapidly turning into a slum; a slum dwelling.
حلبي آباد
the slums
the area(s) of a town etc where there are slums: As a social worker, she does a lot of work in the slums.
منطقه فقيرنشين
Overpopulatiob
Urbanisation
The process by which more people leave the countryside to live in the city
Overcrowded
Accommodation
[əˌkäməˈdāSHən]
noun - accommodation
تطابق: accommodation, match, accordance, identity, likeness
منزل: house, abode, accommodation, apartment, hearth, dwelling
جا: place, room, space, case, seat, accommodation
تطبیق: adjustment, match, adaptation, comparison, accommodation, conformation
کمک: help, aid, assistance, helping, support, accommodation
همسازی: harmony, compatibility, accommodation, symmetry
وسایل راحتی: accommodation
سازش با مقتضیات محیط: accommodation
وام: loan, debt, accommodation
مساعده: imprest, advance, advance money, accommodation
