1.4 Musculoskeletal system

Question 1

What is a joint?

Answer 1

Where two bones meet/join

Question 2

What is a ligament?

Answer 2

Connects bone to bone

Question 3

What is a tendon?

Answer 3

Connects muscle to bone

Question 4

What is meant by the term ‘articulating bones’ and give an example

Answer 4

Bones that meet and move at the joint e.g. shoulder = scapula, humerus

Question 5

Explain the difference between abduction and adduction?

Answer 5

Abduction: movement away from the midline of the body
Adduction: movement towards the midline of the body

Question 6

Explain the difference between the agonist and antagonist

Answer 6

Agonist: muscle contracting and therefore responsible for movement
Antagonist: muscle that is relaxing and lengthening

Question 7

Identify the types of muscular contractions

Answer 7

Two types of muscular contractions:

1. ISOTONIC - in which there are two types: 1a. concentric and 1b. eccentric
2. ISOMETRIC

ISOMETRIC

Question 8

Describe the types of muscular contractions

Answer 8

1. ISOTONIC: muscle contracts to create movement (think of tonic water, it moves = contraction to create movement)

1a. ISOTONIC concentric = muscle shortens under tension
1b. ISOTONIC eccentric = muscle lengthens under tension (acts as a brake)

2. ISOMETRIC: when a muscle contracts without lengthening or shortening therefore resulting in no movement.

Question 9

Give an example of an isometric contraction

Answer 9

Crucifix position in gymnastics

Question 10

Give an example of an isotonic eccentric contraction

Answer 10

Landing from a standing jump - for the quadriceps to support the body weight of landing they lengthen under tension

Question 11

What bones articulate at the ankle and identify the joint type

Answer 11

Articulating bones: Talus, tibia, fibula
Joint type: hinge

Joint type: Hinge

Question 12

What bones articulate at the knee and identify the joint type

Answer 12

Articulating bones = Femur, tibia
Joint type = hinge

Joint type: Hinge

Question 13

Identify the difference between the state of extension and flexion

Answer 13

Flexion = decreasing the angle between the bones
Extension = increasing the angle between the bones

Question 14

What is meant by a ‘fixator muscle’ and give an example

Answer 14

Muscle contracting to stabilise the body in position. Bicep curl fixators = shoulder and wrist

Question 15

What is the main function of the transverse abdominis?

Answer 15

Core stabiliser

Question 16

Identify the plane and axes

Answer 16

Plane:
Sagittal plane
Frontal plane
Transverse plane

Axes:
Transverse axis
Sagittal axis
Longitudinal axis

Question 17

Identify the difference between Dorsi and Plantar flexion

Answer 17

Plantra flexion: toes pointed
Dorsi flexion: flexing of feet

Dorsi flexion: toes up to shin

Question 18

Describe how the planes of movement ‘divide’ the body into sections

Answer 18

Sagittal plane - left & right
Frontal plane - front & back
Transverse plane - upper and lower half (head and toes)

Question 19

Move _____ a plane (movement) and _____ an axis

Answer 19

Move ALONG a plane (movement) and AROUND an axis

Question 20

In order, Identify the bones in the spine

Answer 20

C - ervical
T - horacic
L - umbar
S - acrum
C - occyx

(Cuddly teddies love some cuddles)

Question 21

Move ___ a plane and ___ an axis

Answer 21

Move IN a plane and AROUND an axis

Question 22

What type of movement does the sagittal plane allow?

Answer 22

Extension/flexion

Question 23

What type of movement does the transverse plane allow?

Answer 23

Rotation

Question 24

What type of movement does the frontal plane allow?

Answer 24

Abd + adduction

Question 25

Identify what is meant by the term 'articulating'

Answer 25

Bones that meet and move at the joint

Question 26

Identify the types of joints

Answer 26

Hinge Ball and socket Pivot Condyloid Saddle

Question 27

Identify the functions of the skeleton

Answer 27

- Protection of the vital organs - Muscle attachment (tendons) - Joints for movements - Blood cell production - Mineral storage

Question 28

Identify which minerals are stored in bones

Answer 28

Calcium and phosphorus

Question 29

What does bone marrow produce?

Answer 29

Red blood cells

Question 30

Identify the types of bones in the body. Include an example to support your answer

Answer 30

Long - humerus, radius, ulna Short - carpals, metacarpals Flat - cranium, scapula Irregular - vertebrae Sesamoid - patella (bones with a tendon)

Question 31

Describe the characteristics of the types of bones in the body.

Answer 31

Long - 'levers' of the body, blood cell production, where movement happens Short - small, cube shaped bones, weight-bearing, absorb stress, Flat - thin, flat, protection Irregular - complex shapes, protection, support Sesamoid - bones with a tendon, small, smooth surface for tendons to slide over

Question 32

State the different types of joints and identify the movements they allow

Answer 32

Hinge - flexion & extension Ball and socket - abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, flexion, extension Pivot - Condyloid Saddle

Question 33

Explain the difference between circumduction and rotation

Answer 33

Circumduction - where the limb can move in circles Rotation - turning 360 degrees

Question 34

Identify where the axes of movement travel through the body

Answer 34

Transverse - line through left to right arm Sagittal - line through belly button Longitudinal - line through head to toes