14: Cognitive Perceptual Dysfunction; Neuroplasticity

Question 1

Why is left unilateral visual spatial neglect more common than right unilateral visual spatial neglect?

Answer 1

When the right side is damaged, the loss is much more noticeable. That is because the right parietal lobe attends to space on both sides of the body, while the left side only attends to the right.

Question 2

All of the following are dominant features of the left hemisphere except…

A. Verbal memory
B. Emotion
C. Praxis
D. Visual memory

Answer 2

B

Question 3

All of the following are dominant features of the right hemisphere except…

A. Attention
B. Orientation
C. Visuospatial memory
D. Verbal memory

Answer 3

D

Question 4

True or false: Praxis is a dominant feature of the right hemisphere.

Answer 4

False

Left

Question 5

The cognitive skills required to drive task performance are called…

Answer 5

Praxis

Question 6

What are the three parts of praxis?

Answer 6

Ideation
Planning
Execution

Question 7

What is the difference between ideational apraxia and motor apraxia?

Answer 7

Ideational: “I don’t know what to do”
* Not knowing how to use tools
* Unable to sequence

Motor: “I know what I want to do, but I can’t plan my movements to do it.
* Clumsiness (UE; crossing midline)
* Impaired manipulation
* Awkward grasp pattern
* gross mobility impaired (secondary to axial)

Question 8

Match the following examples to the appropriate condition.

A. Ideational apraxia
B. Motor apraxia

____ Kid cannot adjust sock onto foot
____ Lathering lotion into hair
____ Performance latency
____ Eating egg with shell
____ Cannot hold comb in the right orientation

Answer 8

B Kid cannot adjust sock onto foot
A Lathering lotion into hair
A Performance latency
A Eating egg with shell
B Cannot hold comb in the right orientation

Question 9

Which part of the brain is impacted in ideational apraxia?

Answer 9

Prefrontal; usually left (sometimes right or medial)

Question 10

What part of the brain is impacted in motor apraxia?

Answer 10

Inferior parietal lobe (supramarginal)

Question 11

The following are characteristics of which condition:
* Difficulty shifting from one pattern of response to another
* Can affect premotor or prefrontal cortex
* Can affect speech or thought
* Example: repeating steps; repeated phrases (echolalia)
* affects right hemisphere

A. Spatial relations dysfunction
B. Somatoagnosia
C. Topographical disorientation
D. Perseveration
E. Unilateral spatial neglect

Answer 11

D

Question 12

The following are characteristics of which condition:
* Difficulty finding way in space
* Visuospatial components
* Difficulty remembering routes
* Examples: Wandering, ending up in the wrong room on a rehab unit, cannot navigate new environments
* affects right hemisphere

A. Spatial relations dysfunction
B. Somatoagnosia
C. Topographical disorientation
D. Perseveration
E. Unilateral spatial neglect

Answer 12

C

Question 13

The following are characteristics of which condition:
* Fails to recognize own body part
* Example: Brushes the hair of their mirror image, dresses the arm of their therapist

A. Spatial relations dysfunction
B. Somatoagnosia
C. Topographical disorientation
D. Perseveration
E. Unilateral spatial neglect

Answer 13

B

Question 14

The following are characteristics of which condition:
* Contralateral neglect, usually of the left side
* Example: Eats the food on the right side of the plate only, consistently hitting door frames, cannot locate objects
* Right hemisphere lesion

A. Spatial relations dysfunction
B. Somatoagnosia
C. Topographical disorientation
D. Perseveration
E. Unilateral spatial neglect

Answer 14

E

Question 15

The following are characteristics of which condition:
* Cannot differentiate between foreground and background
* Visuospatial issues
* Depth perception issues
* Occipito-parietal damage
* Example: misjudges step, cannot locate an object, cannot orient self to a shirt, cannot find sleeve in monochromatic shirt, spilling milk

A. Spatial relations dysfunction
B. Somatoagnosia
C. Topographical disorientation
D. Perseveration
E. Unilateral spatial neglect

Answer 15

A

Question 16

Which of the following is not a type of agnosia?

A. Tactile agnosia
B. Visual agnosia
C. Olfactory agnosia
D. Auditory agnosia

Answer 16

C

Question 17

What is agnosia?

Answer 17

Impaired ability to recognize the significance and difference between sensory stimuli

Question 18

What is neuroplasticity?

Answer 18

The brain’s capacity to physically change in response to development, experience, damage, or dysfunction

Question 19

What is the difference between homosynaptic and heterosynaptic plasticity?

Answer 19

Homosynaptic: Only neurons that are specifically innervated undergo changes in synaptic plasticity

Heterosynaptic: Synaptic pathways not specifically stimulated undergo changes

Question 20

True or false: Long-term potentiation results in synaptic weakening and thus, low-frequency stimulation.

Answer 20

False

This describes long-term depression. Long-term potentiation results in synaptic strengthening and thus, high-frequency stimulation

Question 21

True or false: Long-term depression results in synaptic weakening and thus, low-frequency stimulation.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What is functional modular plasticity?

Answer 22

Allows for the shifting of operations from one region of the brain to another region

Question 23

A. Axonal sprouting
B. Protrusion
C. Engorgement
D. Pruning
E. Consolidation

____ transport of organelles and vesicles move to periphery
____ stabilization of the proximal growth cone into axon shaft
____ new growth from growth cone
____ extension of new membrane at edges of growth cone
____ trimming and “refining” networks

Answer 23

C transport of organelles and vesicles move to periphery
E stabilization of the proximal growth cone into axon shaft
A New growth from growth cone
B extension of new membrane at edges of growth
D trimming and “refining” networks

Question 24

What are the 10 principles of experience-dependent plasticity?

Answer 24

1. Use it or lose it
2. Use it and improve it
3. Specificity
4. Repetition matters
5. Intensity matters
6. Time matters
7. Salience matters
8. Age matters
9. Transference
10. Interference

Question 25

What occurs during cross-modal reassignment?

Answer 25

An area that previously processed a specific type of sensory input now receives input from another sensory source

Question 26

What happens to an area of the brain during map expansion?

Answer 26

A representational area carrying out a specific function expands as a result of the performance of that function or repeated exposure to a stimulus