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Neuroscience > 09: Overview Of The Motor System; LMNs And Brainstem Spinal Systems > Flashcards

09: Overview Of The Motor System; LMNs And Brainstem Spinal Systems Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: The somatic motor system allows us to plan and execute movements enabling us to interact with our environment.

A

True

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2
Q

Which type of movement produced by the somatic motor system has a context dependent Association with stimuli, is modifiable, and can be learned with practice?

A. Voluntary
B. Reflexive
C. Rhythmic

A

A

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3
Q

True or false: In order to convert an intention into an action, the motor system must go through a series of sensorimotor transformations.

A

True

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4
Q

Sensory feedback used after a movement is executed will allow the system to do which of the following?

A. Plan movements in advance
B. Correct errors in movement
C. Execute a movement

A

B

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5
Q

Which areas of the brain are part of the highest level of the motor hierarchy and are important for planning movements and sending execution commands to lower centers?

A. Motor cortices
B. Cerebellum
C. Spinal cord
D. Basal nuclei

A

A

Cerebellum: Comparator, coordinator
Spinal cord: contains LMNs
Basal nuclei: gatekeeper of activating/terminating movement

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6
Q

Which functional subsystem will regulate skilled limb movement allowing us to write our name on a card?

A. Dorsolateral
B. Ventromedial
C. Corticonuclear

A

A

Ventromedial: posture and balance
Corticonuclear: eating, speaking, smiling (facial movements)

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7
Q

Involuntary, stereotypical movements made in direct response to sensory stimuli are known as?

A. Voluntary movements
B. Involuntary movements
C. Reflexive movements
D. Rhythmic movements

A

C

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8
Q

Purposeful, goal-directed movements that involve choices, context-dependent association, are modifiable, and can be learned/unlearned are known as…

A. Voluntary movements
B. Involuntary movements
C. Reflexive movements
D. Rhythmic movements

A

A

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9
Q

Voluntary movements characterized as being stereotyped, complex, and rhythmic are known as…

A. Voluntary movements
B. Involuntary movements
C. Reflexive movements
D. Rhythmic movements

A

D

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10
Q

What occurs during sensorimotor transformation?

A

1. Extrinsic kinematics converts to intrinsic kinematics (i.e., we know where an object is in space, how it is from our body, and can plan how the body has to position to manipulate the object)

2. Intrinsic kinematics coverts to kinetics (i.e., we know what forces are required to move our joints, maintain center of gravity, to manipulate objects)

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11
Q

What areas of the brain are considered part of the motor system? Select all that apply.

  • Internal capsule
  • Basal nuclei
  • Motor cortices
  • Brainstem
  • Spinal cord
  • Hypothalamus
  • Skeletal muscle
A
  • Basal nuclei
  • Motor cortices
  • Brainstem
  • Spinal cord
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12
Q

Communication from one level of the hierarchy to the next is called:

A. Sequence processing
B. Serial processing
C. Parallel processing
D. Parallel-distributed processing

A

B

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13
Q

Communication distributed as patterns of activation over a connected set of regions that function interactively and in tandem is called:

A. Sequence processing
B. Serial processing
C. Parallel processing
D. Parallel-distributed processing

A

D

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14
Q

Which of the following are subsystems of the dorsolateral system?

  • Anterior corticospinal tracts
  • Corticonuclear system
  • Lateral corticospinal tracts
  • Reticulospinal tracts
  • Rubrospinal tracts
  • Vestibulospinal tracts
  • Visual motor system
A
  • lateral corticospinal tracts
  • Rubrospinal tracts
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15
Q

Which of the following are subsystems of the Ventromedial system?

  • Anterior corticospinal tracts
  • Corticonuclear system
  • Lateral corticospinal tracts
  • Reticulospinal tracts
  • Rubrospinal tracts
  • Vestibulospinal tracts
  • Visual motor system
A
  • Anterior corticospinal tracts
  • Reticulospinal tracts
  • Vestibulospinal tracts
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16
Q

Which of the following are subsystems of the face, mouth, and eyes?

  • Anterior corticospinal tracts
  • Corticonuclear system
  • Lateral corticospinal tracts
  • Reticulospinal tracts
  • Rubrospinal tracts
  • Vestibulospinal tracts
  • Visual motor system
A
  • Corticonuclear system
  • Visual motor system
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17
Q

True or false: Lower motor neurons are the final motor pathway, allowing a neural signal to be converted into a mechanical event.

A

True

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18
Q

Where are lower motor neurons that innervate limb muscles located?

A. Anterior horn of spinal cord
B. Trigeminal motor nucleus
C. Facial motor nucleus

A

A

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19
Q

Which of the following neurons innervates the contractile ends of the muscle spindle?

A. Alpha motor neurons
B. Gamma motor neurons
C. Interneurons

A

B

Alpha motor neurons regulate muscle tension.
Interneurons integrate ascending and descending inputs to regulate descending output.

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20
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

A. Acetylcholine
B.Glutamate
C. Glycin

A

A

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21
Q

True or false: During voluntary movements, the motor system will activate both alpha and gamma motor neurons simultaneously.

A

True

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22
Q

What are the ways in which higher brain centers can modulate the activities of reflexes? Select all that apply.

  • They can decrease the threshold for activation of the reflex.
  • They can decrease the gain of a reflex.
  • They can increase the threshold for activation of a reflex.
  • They can increase the gain of a reflex.
A

All of the above!!

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23
Q

During the monosynaptic stretch reflex, sensory information will activate which of the following neurons to mediate reciprocal inhibition so that the antagonist muscle will relax?

A. Gamma motor neurons
B. Alpha motor neurons
C. Interneurons

A

C

24
Q

The activation of gamma motor neurons by higher brain centers to increase the tension of the muscle spindle so that a small stretch of the muscle will produce a greater than typical increase in muscle tension is an example of which of the following?

A. Alpha-gamma co-activation
B. Gamma bias
C. Monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

B

Alpha-gamma co-activation allows the system to provide feedback regarding muscle length during movement.
Monosynaptic stretch reflex plays a major role in maintenance of posture and ensures coordination.

25
Q

Lower motor neurons are located where in the CNS?

A. Dorsal horn of spinal cord
B. Ventral horn of spinal cord
C. Brainstem
D. Peripheral nerves

A

B

26
Q

The golgi tendon organ is the afferent limb of which of the following reflexes?

A. Monosynaptic stretch reflex
B. Autogenic inhibition reflex
C. Flexion withdrawal

A

B

Monosynaptic stretch reflex: Muscle spindles
Flexion withdrawal: Nociceptive information

27
Q

True or false: The flexor withdrawal and flexion-crossed extension reflex involve the activation of both excitatory and inhibitory Interneurons that mediate complex patterns of movement on both sides of the body.

A

True

28
Q

Which nerve carries the afferent and efferent limbs of the jaw jerk reflex?

A. Facial
B. Trigeminal
C. Glossopharyngeal

A

B

29
Q

When the left cornea is touched, this nociceptive information will typically result in the activation of which of the following?

A. Motor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus on the ipsilateral side
B. Motor neurons in the facial motor nucleus bilaterally
C. Motor neurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus ipsilaterally
D. Motor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus bilaterally

A

B

30
Q

This type of motor neuron innervates intrafusal fibers that are found within the muscle spindle.

A. Alpha motor neurons
B. Gamma motor neurons
C. Interneurons

A

B

31
Q

This type of motor neuron innervates extrafusal fibers that generate tension in muscle.

A. Alpha motor neurons
B. Gamma motor neurons
C. Interneurons

A

A

32
Q

This type of motor neuron regulates activity and can excite or inhibit motor neurons.

A. Alpha motor neurons
B. Gamma motor neurons
C. Interneurons

A

C

33
Q

Why is the neuromuscular junction considered a unique chemical synapse?

A

Different than all other chemical synapses:
* Normal postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials (transient change in membrane that can be excitatory or inhibitory) that decay with distance and time.
* This doesn’t work for muscles; we want the final output to reach the muscle so the muscle can then contract. In the motor system, there is a 1:1 relationship between the action potential of the motor neuron and the triggering of the excitatory postsynaptic potential of the muscle fiber (end plate potential).

34
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single alpha motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates

35
Q

True or false: Small motor units generate lower levels of force.

A

True

36
Q

This type of motor unit generates lower levels of tension but for longer periods of time and is responsible for postural control of muscles.

A. Type I
B. Type IIa
C. Type IIb

A

A

37
Q

This type of motor unit generates higher levels of tension but for shorter periods of time and is also known as fast twitch oxidative.

A. Type I
B. Type IIa
C. Type IIb

A

B

38
Q

This type of motor unit generates higher levels of tension but for shorter periods of time and is also known as fast twitch glycolytic.

A. Type I
B. Type IIa
C. Type IIb

A

C

39
Q

The ___________ dictates that smaller motor units are recruited first followed by larger units.

A

Size principle

40
Q

As the need for greater force and speed increases, synaptic input increases, and the firing rate of neurons increases. This is known as…

A

Rate code (/rate coding)

41
Q

What is the name of the Involuntary movements that can occasionally be altered by descending input (i.e., alter the threshold for their activation or their gain)?

A

Reflexes

42
Q

This allows the system to provide feedback regarding muscle length during movement.

A. Autogenic inhibition
B. Central pattern generators
C. Flexor withdrawal/flexion-crossed extension
D. Alpha-gamma co-activation

A

D

43
Q

This is a reflex and protective response to inappropriate levels of muscle tension and spreads the workforce efficiently to ensure coordination.

A. Autogenic inhibition
B. Central pattern generators
C. Flexor withdrawal/flexion-crossed extension
D. Alpha-gamma co-activation

A

A

44
Q

This is responsible for responding to dangerous stimulation and coordinates bilateral activation for balance and posture adjustment.

A. Autogenic inhibition
B. Central pattern generators
C. Flexor withdrawal/flexion-crossed extension
D. Alpha-gamma co-activation

A

C

45
Q

These are neuronal circuits that produce patterns of self-sustained neural activity that control rhythmic movements.

A. Autogenic inhibition
B. Central pattern generators
C. Flexor withdrawal/flexion-crossed extension
D. Alpha-gamma co-activation

A

B

46
Q

This plays a major role in maintenance of posture and ensures coordination; this is generally tested to determine neurological damage.

A. Corneal reflex
B. Jaw jerk reflex
C. Pharyngeal reflex
D. Monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

D

47
Q

This reflex involves the spinal trigeminal nucleus and facial motor nuclei, and travels to the facial nerves.

A. Corneal reflex
B. Jaw jerk reflex
C. Pharyngeal reflex
D. Monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

A

48
Q

This reflex involves the spinal trigeminal nucleus and nucleus ambiguus, and travels to CN IX and X.

A. Corneal reflex
B. Jaw jerk reflex
C. Pharyngeal reflex
D. Monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

C

49
Q

This reflex involves the mesencephalic nucleus and trigeminal motor nucleus, and travels to the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

A. Corneal reflex
B. Jaw jerk reflex
C. Pharyngeal reflex
D. Monosynaptic stretch reflex

A

B

50
Q

What is the main difference between the autogenic inhibition reflex and monosynaptic reflex?

A

Autogenic inhibition reflex: sensory response to muscle stretch

Monosynaptic reflex: sensory response to muscle tension

51
Q

_______ is the decreased tone of skeletal muscles.

A. Areflexia
B. Hypertonus
C. Hyperreflexia
D. Hypotonus
E. Hyporeflexia

A

D

52
Q

_______ is the increased tone of skeletal muscles.

A. Areflexia
B. Hypertonus
C. Hyperreflexia
D. Hypotonus
E. Hyporeflexia

A

B

53
Q

_______ is a lack of reflex activity.

A. Areflexia
B. Hypertonus
C. Hyperreflexia
D. Hypotonus
E. Hyporeflexia

A

A

54
Q

_______ is when reflex activity is over active or stronger than normal.

A. Areflexia
B. Hypertonus
C. Hyperreflexia
D. Hypotonus
E. Hyporeflexia

A

C

55
Q

_______ is when reflex activity is present but weaker than normal.

A. Areflexia
B. Hypertonus
C. Hyperreflexia
D. Hypotonus
E. Hyporeflexia

A

E

56
Q

Weakness and eventual muscle atrophy, involuntary muscle twitches, hypotonia, and hypo- or areflexia are clinical signs known as…

A

Lower motor neuron signs

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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