12: Autonomic Nervous System; Hypothalamus Flashcards
True or false: The sympathetic division of the viscerosensory system conveys innocuous information from the viscera.
False
Conveys noxious information
True or false: Visceral pain is poorly localized an often referred to along a dermatome of the somatic nervous system secondary to “cross talk” between the visceral and somatic sensory systems.
True
True or false: The blood vessels of the skin and skeletal muscles of the body and limbs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the ANS.
True
Which of the following statements correctly describes the structural components of the parasympathetic division of the ANS? Select all that apply.
- Preganglionic neurons are located in cranial nuclei and at sacral levels of the sacral cord.
- Preganglionic neurons are located in the intermediolateral cell column levels of T1-L2.
- Post-ganglionic neurons are located in the ganglia in the head region and intramural ganglia
- Post-ganglion if neurons are located in the sympathetic chain of ganglia
- ACH is the neurotransmitter that allows communication between the the pre and postganglionic neurons as well as between the postganglionic neurons and the target tissue.
- Preganglionic neurons are located in cranial nuclei and at sacral levels of the sacral cord.
- Post-ganglionic neurons are located in the ganglia in the head region and intramural ganglia
- ACH is the neurotransmitter that allows communication between the the pre and postganglionic neurons as well as between the postganglionic neurons and the target tissue.
Your patient sustained a neck injury that damaged the right superior cervical ganglion. You anticipate seeing which of the following clinical signs? Select all that apply.
- Left facial flushing
- Right facial flushing
- Right ptosis
- Right pupil constriction
- Left anhidrosis
- Right facial flushing
- Right ptosis
- Right pupil constriction
You would also see right anhidrosis.
True or False: In order to empty the bladder there needs to be contraction of the smooth muscle of the bladder wall (destructor muscle), relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter, and contraction of the external urethral sphincter.
False
In order to empty the bladder there needs to be contraction of the smooth muscle of the bladder wall (destructor muscle), relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter, and relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.
Which of the following statements best describes the micturition reflex?
A. Decreased firing rate of the sensory afferents of the bladder wall results in increased parasympathetic outflow, increased sympathetic outflow, and inhibition of the somatic motor neurons resulting in bladder voiding.
B. Increased firing rate of the sensory afferents of the bladder wall results in increased parasympathetic outflow, decreased sympathetic outflow, and inhibition of the somatic motor neurons resulting in bladder voiding.
C. Increased firing rate of the sensory afferents of the bladder wall results in decreased parasympathetic outflow, increased sympathetic outflow and inhibition of the somatic motor neurons resulting in bladder voiding.
D. Decreased firing rate of the sensory afferents of the bladder wall results in decreased parasympathetic outflow, decreased sympathetic outflow and excitation of the somatic motor neurons resulting in bladder voiding.
B
True or false: Baroreceptors are located in the carotid sinus and the aortic arch and increased tension in the walls of these arteries causes a reduction in the firing rate of these receptors.
False
When blood pressure rises, baroreceptor activity increases, which leads to a decrease in heart rate and an increase in vascular tone. When blood pressure falls, vascular tone decreases
Which of the following statements correctly describes what will happen during an acute episode of hypertension?
A. Baroreceptors will decrease their firing rate resulting in an increase in parasympathetic outflow and a decrease in sympathetic outflow producing the vasodepressor response.
B. Baroreceptors will increase their firing rate resulting in an increase in parasympathetic outflow and a decrease in sympathetic outflow producing the vasodepressor response.
C. Baroreceptors will decrease their firing rate resulting in an decrease in parasympathetic outflow and an increase in sympathetic outflow producing the vasopressor response.
D. Baroreceptors will increase their firing rate resulting in an decrease in parasympathetic outflow and a increase in sympathetic outflow producing the vasopressor response.
B
What causes referred pain?
Visceral pain is generally poorly localized because the viscerosensory neurons travel with the spinal nerves upon entering the spinal cord, so the cortex interprets the pain as coming from a general body part rather than the viscera.
Match (A) Sympathetic and (B) Parasympathetic to the following:
___ preganglionic cells originate IMLCC T1-L2
___ preganglionic cells originate in cranial visceromotor nuclei
___ ACH
___ ACH and norepinephrine
___ S2-S4
___ postganglionic in prevertebral ganglia
___ postganglionic in ganglia in head region
___ postganglionic in ganglia in intramural ganglia
___ postganglionic cells in sympathetic chain of ganglia
A preganglionic cells originate IMLCC T1-L2
B preganglionic cells originate in cranial visceromotor nuclei
B ACH
A ACH and norepinephrine
B S2-S4
B postganglionic in prevertebral ganglia
B postganglionic in ganglia in head region
B postganglionic in ganglia in intramural ganglia
A postganglionic cells in sympathetic chain of ganglia
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is described below?
decreases HR; increases digestion, bloow flow to gut and gut motility; pupil and bronchiole constriction, lens accommodation
Parasympathetic
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is described below?
increases HR, BP, blood flow to muscles, blood glucose; decreases gut motility, digestion, blood to skin and viscera; pupil and bronchiole dilation, sweating, piloerection
Sympathetic
What clinical signs are associated with Horner Syndrome?
Caused by an interruption of the pathway through the superior cervical ganglion; symptoms occur on ipsilateral side:
* Miosis (pupil constriction)
* Ptosis
* Flushing of the face
* Anhidrosis (lack of sweating)
With respect to the micturition reflex, does sympathetic outflow increase or decrease to allow bladder emptying?
Decrease
With respect to baroreceptor reflex, what happens during an acute episode of hypotension?
- Baroreceptors decrease the firing rate
- Solitary nucleus decreases output (parasympathetic outflow deceases, sympathetic outflow increases)
- Heart rate increases and blood pressure increases
What causes autonomic dysreflexia?
Caused by an imbalance between parasympathetic & sympathetic outflow in control of blood pressure.
The parasympathetic response causes a reduction in heart rate (bradycardia), but the inhibitory impulse being sent to the cord can’t reach its targets below the level of the injury.
This results in a parasympathetic response ABOVE the injury and a sympathetic response BELOW the injury. Imbalance results in uncontrolled hypertension (removal of noxious stimulus = key to restoring the balance).
Which hypothalamic nuclei synthesize oxytocin and ADH?
Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (within the posterior lobe/pars nervosa)
What autonomic structures are involved with mediating heat loss mechanisms?
Anterior and Posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus
What happens in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland when leptin levels increase after the consumption of a large meal?
Hypothalamus: Neurons in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus decrease feeding behaviors (a somatic motor response).
PItuitary gland The paraventricular nucleus causes the anterior pituitary gland to release TSH and ACTH (targets thyroid and adrenal glands) to increase metabolism.
What happens in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland when blood osmolarity is high? Too low?
High blood osmolarity
Hypothalamus: ADH synthesizing increases in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Pituitary gland: Synthesized ADH then transferred to posterior lobe via supraopticohypophysial tract, then released.
Body: Kidneys retain water, and urine output decreases. Increased ADH, retention of water by kidneys, increase in dilution of blood, decrease urine output
Low blood osmolarity
Hypothalamus: ADH synthesizing decreases in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Pituitary gland: Synthesized ADH then transferred to posterior lobe via supraopticohypophysial tract, then released.
Body: Kidneys retain less water, and urine output increases. Decreased ADH, decreased retention of water by kidneys, concentration of blood, increased urine output
Does activation of the superchiasmatic nucleus by light cause an increase or decrease in the release of melatonin from the pineal gland?
Decrease
What are circadian rhythm disorders?
Disruptions in the level of circulating melatonin levels
The hypothalamus is a part of which part of the brain?
A. Telencephalon
B. Mesencephalon
C. Diencephalon
C
The mammillary bodies form the _____ boundary of the hypothalamus, while the lamina terminallis forms the ____ boundary.
A. rostral; caudal
B. inferior; superior
C. superior; inferior
D. caudal; rostral
D
Which part of the hyopothalamus is responsible for feeding behaviors?
A. lateral hypothalamus nucleus
B. medial preoptic nucleus
C. mamillary region
D. medial forebrain bundle
A
