01: Introductory Concepts; Tour Of The Brain Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

Lecture review question: True or false: The term ventral describes a structure as being anterior with respect to the coronal plane when discussing the brainstem or spinal cord, but inferior with respect to the horizontal plane when discussing other structures.

True

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Lecture review question: True or false: The frontal lobe of the brain is located caudal with respect to the occipital lobe of the brain.

False

The frontal lobe is located rostral to the occipital lobe of the brain.

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Lecture review question: Which of the following describes a plane in which the brain can be sectioned? Select all that apply.

Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal
Rostral
Dorsal
Lateral

Sagittal
Coronal
Horizontal

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Lecture review question: Which lobes of the brain are considered the primary lobes of the brain? Select all that apply.

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
Insula lobe

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

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Lecture review question: Which of the following lobes of the brain is important for motor functions?

A. Frontal
B. Parietal
C. Temporal
D. Visual

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Lecture review question: True or false: The median longitudinal fissure separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

True

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Lecture review question: Which of the following structures are associated with the diencephalon? Select all that apply.

Thalamus
Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Third ventricle

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Lecture review question: Which of the following structures make up the brainstem? Select all that apply.

Medulla
Cerebellum
Pons
Hippocampus
Midbrain
Putamen

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

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Lecture review question: Which of the following structures can you see when looking at the ventral (inferior) surface of the brain? Select all that apply.

Mammillary bodies
Optic nerves and chiasm
Central sulcus
Precentral sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Brainstem
Cerebellum

Mammillary bodies
Optic nerves and chiasm
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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Lecture review question: Which of the following structures separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A. Median longitudinal fissure
B. Central sulcus
C. Lateral sulcus
D. Pre-occipital notch

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Lecture review question: True or false: The postcentral gyrus lies posterior to the central sulcus.

True

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Lecture review question: True or false: Broca’s area is located in the temporal lobe.

False

Broca’s area is located in the frontal lobe, left hemisphere.

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Lecture review question: What are the key structural differences between the CNS and PNS?

The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord.

The PNS consists of all of all the remaining neural structures that connect to the CNS.

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Lecture review question: What are the key functional differences between the somatic and visceral nervous systems?

The somatic nervous system sends information and controls voluntary muscles (skeletal muscles).

The visceral nervous system receives information and controls involuntary muscles such as cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glands.

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Lecture review question: What are the major regions of the CNS?

Telencephalon: cerebral hemispheres

Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus

Cerebellum: balance, walking, standing, and other complex motor functions

Brainstem: contains the spinal cord; sends messages to the body

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Lecture review question: What are localizing signs?

Signs observed during the neurological exam that may indicate a lesion or injury to a specific area of the brain or nervous system.

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Lecture review question: Are dendrites the “sending” or “receiving” end of the neuron?

Receiving

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Lecture review question: How are multipolar, pseudounipolar, and bipolar neurons different?

Multipolar: varied shape, 1 axon, multiple dendrites

Psuedopolar: round shape, single process with 2 branches at the end

Bipolar: oval shape, single process from each side of the body

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Lecture review question: What is the main function of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

Myelination

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Lecture review question: What are the main differences between neurapraxia, axonotmesis, and neurotmesis?

Neurapraxia: focal damage to the axon without demyelination

Axonotmesis: demyelination with direct axonal damage

Neurotmesis: Severed nerve; likely irreparable damage

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Lecture review question: Can you see the optic chiasm in the lateral or ventral view of the brain?

Ventral

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Lecture review question: Can you see the central sulcus in a lateral or ventral view of the brain?

Lateral

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Lecture review question: What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

Central sulcus

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Lecture review question: What gyrus lies rostral to the central sulcus? Which lies caudal?

Rostral: precentral gyrus

Caudal: postcentral gyrus

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*Lecture review question:* What are the names of the 4 primary lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

*Lecture review question:* What structures are considered deep structures of the cerebral cortex?

Basal ganglia, lambic structures, internal capsule

*Lecture review question:* What are the names of the nuclei that make up the basal ganglia?

Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

*Lecture review question:* What areas of the brain are considered part of the brainstem?

Medulla, pons, midbrain

*Lecture review question:* What part of the brain is located posterior to the brainstem?

Cerebellum

*Lecture review question:* How many ventricles are contained in the brain? What are their names?

Four ventricles 1. (2) lateral ventricles 2. Third ventricle *(in the diencephalon)* 3. Fourth ventricle *(posterior to brainstem)*

*Lecture review question:* Where is the third ventricle located?

Diencephalon

Your patient has damage to the spinal cord on the left side of their body. Which side of the body would you expect to see sensory and motor deficits? A. Contralaterally (opposite side) B. Ipsilaterally (same side) C. Cross pattern (both sides)

Your patient has damage to the left cerebral hemisphere. Which side of the body would you expect to see sensory and motor deficits? A. Contralaterally (opposite side) B. Ipsilaterally (same side) C. Cross pattern (both sides)

Your patient has damage to the brainstem on the left side. Which side of the body would you expect to see sensory and motor deficits? A. Contralaterally (opposite side) B. Ipsilaterally (same side) C. Cross pattern (both sides)

True or false: Gray matter is the cell body of neurons.

**True** Gray matter is the cell body of neurons while white matter is the axons. *NOTE*: Terms used to describe the gray and white matter will change depending on whether you're talking about the CNS or PNS.

The gray matter of the Central Nervous System contains all of the following EXCEPT: A. Peripheral nerves B. Nuclei C. Horns D. Lamina E. Cortex

The gray matter of the Peripheral Nervous System contains all of the following EXCEPT: A. Spinal nerves B. Cranial nerves C. Nuclei D. Rami

The white matter of the Central Nervous System contains all of the following EXCEPT: A. Tracts B. Ganglia C. Fasciculi D. Funiculi E. Lemnisci

The white matter of the Peripheral Nervous System contains which of the following: A. Tracts B. Ganglia C. Fasciculi D. Funiculi E. Lemnisci

True or false: Efferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord).

**False** *Afferent neurons carry information from sensory receptors* of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system (i.e., brain and spinal cord), whereas *efferent neurons carry motor information away* from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body.

The somatic nervous system: A. Regulates cardiac and smooth muscle and glands B. Conveys sensory information from the periphery C. Conveys sensory information from the viscera D. None of the above

True or false: The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are branches of the autonomic (visceral) nervous system.

True

Which of the following regulates the movement of skeletal muscle? A. Autonomic nervous system B. Sympathetic nervous system C. Parasympathetic nervous system D. Somatic nervous system

The following italicized description describes which of the following imaging methods? *A coil is placed on the scalp while a magnetic field creates a current to stimulate nerve cells in the brain.* A. Computed tomography (CT scan) B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) D. Positron emission tomography (PET) E. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

The following italicized description describes which of the following imaging methods? *This method allows clinicians to visualize arteries and veins by measuring the velocity of blood flow within them.* A. Computed tomography (CT scan) B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) D. Positron emission tomography (PET) E. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

The following italicized description describes which of the following imaging methods? *A special dye (radioactive tracer) is injected into the bloodstream to measure metabolic activity in tissue such as blood flow, glucose, and oxygen.* A. Computed tomography (CT scan) B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) D. Positron emission tomography (PET) E. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

The following italicized description describes which of the following imaging methods? *This method measures the effects that tissue density has on stopping an x-ray beam; these results are transformed into numbers by a computer which forms an image.* A. Computed tomography (CT scan) B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) D. Positron emission tomography (PET) E. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

The following italicized description describes which of the following imaging methods? *This method measures the effects of a magnetic field on protons within tissue; the effect is measured when protons relax. The resulting image is highly detailed; this method is typically used to scan the brain and spinal cord.* A. Computed tomography (CT scan) B. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) C. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) D. Positron emission tomography (PET) E. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

True or false: Within the microtubule system of the axon, anterograde describes the "forward" movement of information transport from the cell body to the axon terminals.

**True** Retrograde describes the "backward" movement of information from the axon terminal to the cell body.

Another term for the cell body is: A. Dendrites B. Axon C. Soma D. Bouton

This part of the neuron is the "receiving end": A. Soma B. Dendrites C. Axon D. Terminal bouton

This part of the neuron is the "sending end": A. Soma B. Dendrites C. Axon D. Terminal bouton

What is the correct order going from proximal to distal of the following neuronal components? A. Terminal bouton > terminal arbors > initial segment > axon hillock B. Axon hillock > initial segment > terminal arbors > terminal bouton C. Initial segment > axon hillock > terminal arbors > terminal bouton D. Initial segment > terminal arbors > terminal bouton > axon hillock

The action potential begins in which part of the neuron? A. Terminal bouton B. Terminal arbors C. Initial segment D. Axon hillock

True or false: Only the axon is surrounded by a neuronal membrane.

**False** The *entire* neuron is surrounded by a neuronal membrane.

True or false: Myelinated neurons conduct at a higher rate of speed.

True

True or false: The Nodes of Ranvier are not myelinated.

True

The ___________ surrounds multiple fascicles of nerve fibers. A. Epineurium B. Perineurium C. Fascicle D. Endoneurium

The ___________ is a bunch or bundle of axons. A. Epineurium B. Perineurium C. Fascicle D. Endoneurium

The ___________ surrounds each fascicle of nerve fibers. A. Epineurium B. Perineurium C. Fascicle D. Endoneurium

The ___________ wraps around a single axon. A. Epineurium B. Perineurium C. Fascicle D. Endoneurium

Order the ensheathment of nerve fibers from superficial to deep. A. Epineurium > Endoneurium > Perineurium B. Endoneurium > Epineurium > Perineurium > C. Perineurium > Epineurium > Endoneurium > D. Epineurium > Perineurium > Endoneurium

True or false: A neuron is a peripheral nerve.

**False** A peripheral nerve is a nerve branching off from the spinal cord; a neuron is a unit within the nervous system.

Neurons can be described by the *distance* over which information is carried. **A _________ conveys information to a distant target.** A. Projection neuron B. Interneuron C. Dopaminergic neuron D. Glutamatergic neuron

Neurons can be described by the *distance* over which information is carried. **A _________ conveys information over a short distance.** A. Projection neuron B. Interneuron C. Dopaminergic neuron D. Glutamatergic neuron

Neurons can be described according to their *neurotransmitter specificity*. **A _________ contains the neurotransmitter glutamate.** A. Projection neuron B. Interneuron C. Dopaminergic neuron D. Glutamatergic neuron

Neurons can be described according to their *neurotransmitter specificity*. **A _________ contains the neurotransmitter dopamine.** A. Projection neuron B. Interneuron C. Dopaminergic neuron D. Glutamatergic neuron

True or false: In a reflex arc, motor neurons are the beginning of the communication chain, while sensory neurons are the end.

**False** Think of the term *reflex* and what happens when you touch a hot iron. If you touch a hot iron, you reflexively pull your hand back. The sensation of intense heat is communicated to the brain which then communicates to the muscles in your arm to pull back.

Sensory transduction is: A. The integration of information from the environment or other nerve cells. B. The receiving of information from the environment or other nerve cells. C. The sending of information to other nerve cells.

B Neurons *communicate* within the CNS, but sensory transduction alone describes only the receiving of sensory information.

Sensory neurons: A. Receive information B. Integrate information C. Send information

Motor neurons: A. Receive information B. Integrate information C. Send information

Within the Central Nervous System, neurons communicate by: A. Receiving information B. Integrating information C. Sending information D. A and C E. All of the above

The __________ is the location where information from one neuron is transmitted to another neuron or to an effector target. A. Dendrites B. Terminal bouton C. Synapse D. Soma

True or false: The excitatory or inhibitory response within a synapse is dependent on the combination of the neurotransmitter and receptor.

True

True or false: Excitatory synapses decrease the likelihood that an action potential will fire.

**False** Excitatory synapses *increase* the likelihood that an action potential will fire. *Inhibitory* synapses decrease the likelihood that an action potential will fire.

_______ primarily provide structural and functional support to neurons. A. Ganglia B. Glia C. Dendrites D. Axons

B *Glial cells transfer nutrients from blood to neurons, myelinate axons, remove waste products, and guide neuronal migration and synapse formation.*

The glial cells of the CNS include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Schwann B. Astrocytes C. Oligodendrocytes D. Microglia

The glial cells of the PNS include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Schwann cells B. Astrocytes C. Satellite cells D. Macrophages

True or false: Glial cells of the CNS are found in both gray and white matter.

True

What aspect of astrocytes act as an interface contributing to the blood-brain barrier?

End-feet

True or false: All glial cell tumors within the PNS are malignant.

**False** All glial cell tumors in the CNS are malignant; not all within the PNS are malignant.

The following italicized description matched which of the following CNS glial cells? *Scavenges and contributes to phagocytosis of debris; also supports immune protection.* A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglia

The following italicized description matched which of the following CNS glial cells? *Maintains extracellular ionic environment, secretes growth factors, and provides structural and metabolic support.* A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglia

The following italicized description matched which of the following CNS glial cells? *Key function is to contribute to myelination.* A. Astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes C. Microglia

True or false: Lymphoma, oligodendroglioma, and astrocytoma are malignant tumors of glial cells in the CNS.

True

True or false: Schwannoma is a malignant tumor of the Schwann cell.

**False** Schwannoma is a *benign* tumor of the Schwann cell.

Which of the following glial cells is NOT found in white matter of the PNS? A. Schwann cells B. Satellite cells C. Macrophages

**B** Schwann cells and macrophages are found in white matter of the PNS, whereas Satellite cells are found in *cell bodies* of the PNS.

The following italicized description matched which of the following PNS glial cells? *Scavenges and contributes to phagocytosis of debris.* A. Schwann cells B. Satellite cells C. Macrophages

The following italicized description matched which of the following PNS glial cells? *Key function is to contribute to myelination.* A. Schwann cells B. Satellite cells C. Macrophages

The following italicized description matched which of the following PNS glial cells? *Maintain neuronal environment and synaptic transmittion.* A. Schwann cells B. Satellite cells C. Macrophages

Which of the following glial cells support myelination in their respective nervous system? A. Oligodendrocytes (CNS) Schwann cells (PNS) B. Astrocytes (CNS); Satellite cells (PNS) C. Microglia (CNS); Macrophages (PNS)

Which of the following glial cells maintain the neuronal environment in their respective nervous system? A. Astrocytes (CNS) Schwann cells (PNS) B. Oligodendrocytes (CNS); Satellite cells (PNS) C. Microglia (CNS); Macrophages (PNS)

Which of the following glial cells scavenge and clean up debris in their respective nervous system? A. Astrocytes (CNS) Schwann cells (PNS) B. Oligodendrocytes (CNS); Satellite cells (PNS) C. Microglia (CNS); Macrophages (PNS)

True or false: If a nerve is damaged in the PNS, regeneration is not possible.

**False** If a neuron is lost through trauma or disease in the CNS, it does not regenerate. If a peripheral nerve is damaged in the PNS, regeneration is possible *as long as the cell body and Schwann cells remain in tact*.

Axonotmesis... A. describes the mildest form of injury (grade I), involving focal demyelination without axonal or connective tissue covering damage. B. describes grades II through IV, ranging from axonal damage and no connective tissue covering damage, to axonal damage and endoneurium and perineurium damage. C. is a severed nerve; surgical intervention is required and regeneration is unlikely.

Neurotmesis... A. describes the mildest form of injury (grade I), involving focal demyelination without axonal or connective tissue covering damage. B. describes grades II through IV, ranging from axonal damage and no connective tissue covering damage, to axonal damage and endoneurium and perineurium damage. C. is a severed nerve; surgical intervention is required and regeneration is unlikely.

Neurapraxia... A. describes the mildest form of injury (grade I), involving focal demyelination without axonal or connective tissue covering damage. B. describes grades II through IV, ranging from axonal damage and no connective tissue covering damage, to axonal damage and endoneurium and perineurium damage. C. is a severed nerve; surgical intervention is required and regeneration is unlikely.

What 3 processes are required for neuronal regeneration post-injury?

1. Wallerian degeneration distal to the injury site (clearing out process about 3-4 days post-injury). 2. Axonal regeneration (1-4mm per day). 3. Maturation of the axon (enlargement and re-myelination) and functional re-innervation of tissue/

True or false: The elongated grooves separating the folds of the brain are called gyri.

**False** The elongated grooves separating the folds *(gyri)* of the brain are called *sulci*.

Match the following lobes to their respective functions: ____ Auditory, memory, and emotional functions ____ Motor and executive functions ____ Sensory functions ____ Visual functions A. Frontal lobe B. Parietal lobes C. Temporal lobes D. Occipital lobe

_**C**_ Auditory, memory, and emotional functions _**A**_ Motor and executive functions _**B**_ Sensory functions _**D**_ Visual functions

True or false: The corpus callosum connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

True

Which of the following is NOT a deep structure of the brain? A. Basal nuclei B. Insula C. Internal capsule D. Limbic structures

Which deep structure contains the amygdala and hippocampus? A. Basal nuclei B. Insula C. Internal capsule D. Limbic structures

Which part of the diencephalon is the "grand central" of the brain? A. Epithalamus B. Sub-thalamus C. Hypothalamus D. Thalamus

Which part of the diencephalon contains the pineal gland? A. Epithalamus B. Sub-thalamus C. Hypothalamus D. Thalamus

Which of the following is NOT a part of the brainstem? A. Cerebellum B. Medulla C. Midbrain D. Pons

The structure/s that permits communication between the 3rd and 4th ventricles is called: A. Cerebellum B. Corpus callosum C. Cerebral aqueduct D. Interventricular foramen

The structure/s that connects the forebrain with the hindbrain is called: A. Corpus callosum B. Cerebral peduncles C. Cerebral aqueduct D. Interventricular foramen

True or false: Broca's area is responsible for expressive language while Wernicke's area is responsible for receptive language.

True

The following is a picture of a _____________ section of the brain.

Sagittal

The following is a picture of a _____________ section of the brain.

Coronal

The following is a picture of a _____________ section of the brain.

Axial (horizontal)

The red arrow is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Gyri (gyrus)

The blue arrow is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Sulci (Sulcus)

The blue arrow is pointing to what lobe of the brain?

Parietal

The red arrow is pointing to what lobe of the brain?

Frontal

The green arrow is pointing to what lobe of the brain?

Occiptal

The purple arrow is pointing to what lobe of the brain?

Temporal

The black arrows are pointing to what type of matter of the brain?

White matter

The navy arrows are pointing to what type of matter of the brain?

Gray matter

The yellow arrow is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Corpus callosum

The purple arrows are pointing to what structure of the brain?

Hippocampus (limbic structures)

The blue arrow is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Insula

The yellow arrow is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Corpus callosum

The green arrows are pointing to what structure of the brain?

Internal capsule

The arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Corpus callosum

The blue arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Thalamus

The yellow arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Cerebral aqueduct

The green arrows in this picture are pointing to what ventricle of the brain?

Third ventricle

The red arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Hypothalamus

The purple circle in this picture is articulating what structure of the brain?

Optic chiasm

The red circle in this picture is articulating what structure of the brain?

Mammillary bodies

The purple arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Pons

The blue arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Medulla

The yellow arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Cerebellum

The red arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Midbrain

The purple arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Pons

The blue arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Medulla

The yellow arrow in this picture is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Cerebellum

The purple arrows in this picture are pointing to what ventricle of the brain?

Lateral ventricle(s)

The blue arrow in this picture is pointing to what part of what lobe brain?

Inferior surface of the frontal lobe

The pink circle is articulating what part of the brain?

Hypothalamus

The purple circle is articulating what two parts of the brain?

* Stalk of the pituitary gland * Mammillary bodies

The yellow arrows in this picture are pointing to what structures of brain?

Olfactory tracts

The green circle is articulating what 2 structures of the brain?

* Optic nerves * Optic chiasm

The red arrow in this image is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Pons

The yellow arrows in this image are pointing to what structure of the brain?

Medullary pyramids

The green arrow in this image is pointing to what structure of the brain?

Olive

The red arrows in this image are pointing to what gyrus or sulcus of the brain?

Postcentral gyrus

The blue arrows in this image are pointing to what structure of the brain?

Cerebral peduncles

The blue arrows in this image are pointing to what gyrus or sulcus of the brain?

Precentral gyrus

The yellow arrow in this image is pointing to what gyrus or sulcus of the brain?

Lateral sulcus

The green arrow in this image is pointing to what gyrus or sulcus of the brain?

Central sulcus

The purple circle is articulating which area of the brain? **BONUS**: What lobe of the brain is this located in, and what is this area known for?

Broca's area *BONUS*: Left frontal lobe; expressive language

The pink circle is articulating which area of the brain? **BONUS**: What lobe of the brain is this located in, and what is this area known for?

Wernicke's area *BONUS*: Inferior parietal lobe; receptive language