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Neuroscience > 03: Nervous System Development; Overview Of Ventricles, Meninges, And The Cerebrovascular System > Flashcards

03: Nervous System Development; Overview Of Ventricles, Meninges, And The Cerebrovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Lecture review question: The notochord will induce the primitive ectoderm to form which of the following structures?

A. Neural crests
B. Neural folds
C. Neural plate

A

C

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2
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: when the neural folds contact each other during in-folding on day 20 of gestation, this is the beginning of the formation of the neural tube.

A

True

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3
Q

Lecture review question: The neural tube is considered fully formed when the closing of the of the anterior neuropore on day ________ and the closing of the posterior neuropore on day _______.

A. 18; 20
B. 24; 26
C. 20; 42

A

B

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4
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following cell layers (zones) on the lumen of the neural tube will merge together to form the basal and alar plates?

A. Ventricular and intermediate zones
B. Intermediate and marginal zones
C. Ventricular and marginal zones

A

A

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5
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: The process of primary neurulation gives rise to the portion of the neural tube that develops the brain and the spinal cord through the lumbar levels, and the process of secondary neurulation gives rise to the remainder of the spinal cord.

A

True

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6
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: Failure of the anterior neuropore to close can result in spina bifida.

A

False

Failure of the anterior neuropore to close causes anencephaly or an encephalocele.

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7
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following is considered the most severe form of encephalocele?

A. Meningocele
B. Meningohydroencephalocele
C. Meningoencephalocele

A

B

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8
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following can be caused by failure of the posterior neuropore to close? Select all that apply.

  • Spina bifida occulta
  • Meningomyelocele
  • Meningoencephalocele
  • Tethered cord syndrome
A

Spina bifida occulta
Meningomyelocele
Tethered cord syndrome

A meningoencephalocele a type of encephalocele which is formed by failure of an anterior neuropore to close.

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9
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following are considered primary brain vesicles? Select all that apply.

  • Prosencephalon
  • Telencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Rhombencephlon
A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephlon

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10
Q

Lecture review question: The rhombencephalon will divide to become the ________ and _________.

A. Telencephalon; diencephalon
B. Mesencephalon; metencephalon
C. Metencephalon; myelencephalon

A

C

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11
Q

Lecture review question: Which brain vesicle gives rises to the cerebral cortex?

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Metencephalon
D. Myelencephalon

A

A

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12
Q

Lecture review question: The cavity of which of the following brain vesicles becomes the cerebral aqueduct?

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Mesencephalon

A

C

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13
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: The ventricles are lined with choroid plexus which secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

A

True

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14
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following ventricles is located in the diencephalon between the left and right thalamus?

A. Lateral ventricle
B. Third ventricle
C. Fourth ventricle

A

B

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15
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following structures allows the lateral ventricles to communicate with the third ventricle?

A. Interventricular foramen
B. Cerebral aqueduct
C. Medial aperture
D. Lateral apertures

A

A

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16
Q

Lecture review question: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus that lines the ventricles.

A

True

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17
Q

What are the key functions of CSF? Select all that apply.

  • Provide buoyancy to the brain (to prevent the weight of the brain from crushing nerves and vessels against walls)
  • Protect the brain and spinal cord
  • Assist with maintaining chemical stability in the brain
A

All the above!

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18
Q

Lecture review question: What is the rate of production of CSF?

A. 120-140 ml per hour
B. 5-20 ml per hour
C. 15-20 ml per hour

A

C

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19
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: Accumulation of CSF in the ventricles and around the brain secondary to a brain tumor is an example of congenital hydrocephalus.

A

False

Hydrocephalus secondary to a brain tumor would be considered an acquired hydrocephalus.

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20
Q

Lecture review question: When there is a blockage of movement of CSF from the subarachnoid space to the venous system, this is known as ___________ hydrocephalus.

A. Obstructive
B. Communicating
C. Normal-pressure

A

B

Obstructive hydrocephalus is when there is a blockage in the ventricular or subarachnoid system.
Normal-pressure hydrocephalus presents much like Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease; its cause is unknown.

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21
Q

Lecture review question: In the timeline of the development of the nervous system, all of the following are completed prior to birth EXCEPT:

A. Neuronal proliferation
B. Neurulation
C. Synaptogenesis
D. Neural migration

A

C

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22
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: The most severe form of encephalocele is when a defect in the cranium leads to a herniation of meninges, brain, and part of the ventricular system and is called a meningocele.

A

False

This is called a meningohydroencephalocele.

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23
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following are the primary brain vesicles?

A. Prosencephalon, telencephalon, diencephalon
B. Rhombencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
C. Prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
D. Telencephalon, diencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

A

C

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24
Q

Lecture review question: The lateral ventricles are located in the:

A. Diencephalon
B. Telencephalon
C. Metencephalon
D. Lateral apertures

A

B

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25
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following meningeal layers closely adheres to the surfaces of the brain and allows the passage of arteries to nourish neural tissues?

A. Dura mater
B. Arachnoid mater
C. Pia mater

A

C

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26
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: The dura mater has rich sensory Innervation by the trigeminal nerve and dorsal roots of the C2 and C3 spinal nerves.

A

True

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27
Q

Lecture review question: The subarachnoid space contains which of the following? Select all that apply.

  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Neurons
  • Astrocytes
  • Arteries and veins
  • Roots of cranial nerves
A

CSF, arteries, veins, roots of cranial nerves

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28
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following dural reflections separates the cerebral hemispheres?

A. Falx cerebelli
B. Tentorium cerebelli
C. Falx cerebri
D. Diaphragma sellae

A

C

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29
Q

Lecture review question: Which dural reflection houses the superior sagittal sinus?

A. Falx cerebri
B. Falx cerebelli
C. Tentrium cerebelli
D. Diaphragma sellae

A

A

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30
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following herniation syndromes results when increased intracranial pressure causes the cingulate gyrus of one hemisphere to move under the falx cerebri, entering the opposite hemisphere?

A. Subfalcine
B. Central
C. Upward cerebellar
D. Uncal

A

A

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31
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following herniation syndromes can cause compression of the PCA or SCA?

A. Upward cerebellar
B. Subfalcine
C. Central
D. Tonsillar

A

A

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32
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following best describes a subdural hematoma?

A. A collection of blood found between the periosteal layer of the dura and skull.
B. A collection of blood found at the interface of the dura mater and arachnoid mater.
C. A collection of blood found in the subarachnoid space.

A

B

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33
Q

Lecture review question: The anterior circulation of the brain originates from the bilateral internal carotid arteries.

A

True

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34
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following arteries are branches of the internal carotid artery? Select all that apply.

  • Anterior cerebral
  • Anterior communicating
  • Posterior communicating
  • Posterior cerebral
  • Middle cerebal
  • Vertebral
A
  • Anterior cerebral
  • Posterior communicating
  • Middle cerebal
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35
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: The anterior cerebral arteries supply the lateral aspects of the frontal and parietal lobes.

A

False

The anterior cerebral arteries supply the medial aspects of the frontal and parietal lobes.

The middle cerebral artery supplies the lateral aspects of the frontal and parietal lobes.

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36
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following branches of the middle cerebral arteries supplies the lateral aspects of the parietal and temporal lobes?

A. Superior cortical branch
B. Inferior cortical branch
C. Lenticulostriate branches

A

B

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37
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: The bilateral posterior cerebral arteries are the origin of the posterior circulation of the brain.

A

False

The origin of the posterior circulation of the brain stems from the bilateral vertebral arteries. The posterior cerebral arteries are the termination of the basilar arteries.

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38
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following arteries branches from the basilar artery? Select all that apply.

  • Posterior inferior cerebral artery (PICA)
  • Anterior inferior cerebral artery (AICA)
  • Pontine
  • Superior cerebellar
  • Anterior spinal
  • Posterior spinal
A
  • Posterior inferior cerebral artery (PICA)
  • Anterior inferior cerebral artery (AICA)
  • Pontine
  • Superior cerebellar
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39
Q

Lecture review question: True or false: The posterior cerebral arteries provide blood supply to the occipital lobes.

A

True

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40
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following arteries supplies the cerebellum? Select all that apply.

  • Posterior inferior cerebral artery (PICA)
  • Anterior inferior cerebral artery (AICA)
  • Pontine
  • Superior cerebellar
  • Posterior spinal
A
  • Posterior inferior cerebral artery (PICA)
  • Anterior inferior cerebral artery (AICA)
  • Superior cerebellar
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41
Q

Lecture Review Question: Which of the following arteries participates in forming the Circle of Willis by linking the posterior and anterior circulations on each side of the brain?

A. Posterior communicating
B. Anterior communicating
C. Internal carotid
D. Posterior cerebral

A

A

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42
Q

Lecture Review Question: Which of the following dural sinuses receives all the venous drainage of the brain and coneys this blood to the internal jugular vein?

A. Transverse
B. Inferior sagittal
C. Sigmoid
D. Superior sagittal

A

C

Tip: think of your sigmoid in your intestines—it’s toward the end of your intestines; the sigmoid dural sinus is similar in the brain!

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43
Q

Lecture Review Question: Which of the following structures helps to form the blood brain barrier? Select all that apply.

  • Tight junctions of endothelial cells
  • Pericytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Arachnoid villi (granulations)
A
  • Tight junctions of endothelial cells
  • Pericytes
  • Astrocytes
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44
Q

Lecture Review Question: True or false: A Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) is a loss of blood flow to the brain which causes damage to brain tissue.

A

True

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45
Q

Lecture Review Question: Which of the following types of stroke will result from a clot that develops in an artery inside the brain?

A. Thrombotic ischemic stroke
B. Embolic ischemic stroke
C. Hemorrhagic stroke

A

A

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46
Q

Lecture Review Question: True or false: a person who has had a transient ischemic attack (TIA) is at greater risk of having a stroke in the future.

A

True

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47
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following meningeal layers contains cerebrospinal fluid?

A. Dura mater
B. Arachnoid mater
C. Pia mater

A

B

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48
Q

Lecture review question: Which of the following is considered an artery of the anterior circulation of the brain. Select all that supply.

  • Vertebral arteries
  • Internal carotid arteries
  • Middle cerebral arteries
  • Posterior cerebral arteries
  • Posterior communicating arteries
  • Basilar artery
A
  • Internal carotid arteries
  • Middle cerebral arteries
  • Posterior communicating arteries
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49
Q

Which of the following stages of neuronal development cease before birth?

A. Myelination
B. Neural migration
C. Apoptosis
D. Synaptogenesis

A

B

Neurulation, neuronal proliferation, and neural migration all cease BEFORE birth.

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50
Q

Which of the following stages of neuronal development cease after birth?

A. Neurulation
B. Neural proliferation
C. Neural migration
D. Apoptosis

A

D

Apoptosis, synaptogenesis, and myelination all cease AFTER birth.

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51
Q

Which of the following gives rise to the brain, spinal cord, and PNS?

A. Neural crests
B. Neural groove
C. Neuroectoderm
D. Neural tube

A

C

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52
Q

The neural groove and neural plate arise from which of the following on Day 16 of development?

A. Neural crests
B. Notochord
C. Neural folds
D. Neural tube

A

B

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53
Q

Which of the following has an important function of induction around Day 16?

A. Notochord
B. Neuroectoderm
C. Neural plate
D. Neural tube

A

A

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54
Q

The first indicator of neurulation is _____ and is located in the center of the neural plate.

A. Neural groove
B. Neural fold
C. Notochord
D. Neural crests

A

A

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55
Q

The _________ gives rise to most of the nervous system.

A. Neural crests
B. Neural groove
C. Neural folds
D. Neural plate

A

D

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56
Q

The ___________ arise from the thickening of the neural plate at the lateral margins around Day 18 of development?

A. Neural crests
B. Neural groove
C. Neural folds
D. Neural plate

A

C

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57
Q

This hollow structure forms when the neural folds meet each other during the in-folding at about Day 20 of development, eventually forming the CNS.

A. Neural tube
B. Neuroectoderm
C. Neural plate
D. Notochord

A

A

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58
Q

These arise from the lateral edge of the neural plate and detach and move laterally to the neural tube forming, eventually forming the PNS.

A. Neural crests
B. Neural groove
C. Neural folds
D. Neural plate

A

A

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59
Q

True or false: Secondary neurulation produces a portion of the neural tube that gives rise to the brain and spinal cord through the lumbar levels.

A

False

This describes primary neurulation.

Secondary neurulation begins around Day 20 and ends around Day 42 of development and produces the part of the neural tube that gives rise to the sacral and coccygeal levels of the spinal cord.

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60
Q

The marginal zone of the lumen of the neural tube is located ___________ to the ventricular zone.

A. Medial
B. Lateral
C. Inferior
D. Superior

A

B

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61
Q

The ________________ zone is located between the ventricular and marginal zones of the neural tube.

A

Intermediate

62
Q

The rostral opening of the neural tube that closes around Day 24 of development is called:

A. Lateral neuropore
B. Medial neuropore
C. Anterior neuropore
D. Posterior neuropore

A

C

63
Q

The caudal opening of the neural tube that closes around Day 26 of development is called:

A. Lateral neuropore
B. Medial neuropore
C. Anterior neuropore
D. Posterior neuropore

A

D

64
Q

Dysraphic defects arise from:

A. Malfunction of the notochord
B. Primary neurulation
C. Failure of the anterior neuropore to close
D. Malformation of the neural crests

A

C

65
Q

Which of the following describes a dysraphic defect where the brain does not form fully, meninges are absent, and most commonly results in neonatal death?

A. Anencephaly
B. Meningocele
C. Meningoencephalocele
D. Meningohydroencephalocele

A

A

66
Q

Which of the following is the most severe form of encephalocele?

A. Anencephaly
B. Meningocele
C. Meningoencephalocele
D. Meningohydroencephalocele

A

D

67
Q

Which of the following encephaloceles occurs when the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and CSF swell outside of the skull due to the failure of the anterior neuropore to close?

A. Meningocele
B. Meningoencephalocele
C. Meningohydroencephalocele

A

A

68
Q

Which of the following encephaloceles occurs when the dura mater, arachnoid mater, CSF, and part of the brain swell outside of the skull due to the failure of the anterior neuropore to close?

A. Meningocele
B. Meningoencephalocele
C. Meningohydroencephalocele

A

C

69
Q

True or false: Failure of the posterior neuropore to close can cause encephaloceles.

A

False

This describes the failure of the anterior neuropore to close.

When the posterior neuropore fails to close, spina bifidas occur.

70
Q

Which of the following describes an absence of the posterior vertebral arches toward the lumbar and sacrum, however the spinal cord is formed and in tact?

A. Spina bifida occulta
B. Spina bifida cystica (meningocele)
C. Spina bifida cystica (meningomyelocele)
D. Tethered cord syndrome

A

A

71
Q

Which of the following describes an absence of the posterior vertebral arches toward the lumbar and sacrum with a small gap forming in the spine; a sac forms posteriorly containing the meninges and spinal cord?

A. Spina bifida occulta
B. Spina bifida cystica (meningocele)
C. Spina bifida cystica (meningomyelocele)
D. Tethered cord syndrome

A

C

72
Q

Which of the following describes an absence of the posterior vertebral arches toward the lumbar and sacrum with a small gap forming in the spine; a sac forms posteriorly containing the meninges and spinal cord?

A. Spina bifida occulta
B. Spina bifida cystica (meningocele)
C. Spina bifida cystica (meningomyelocele)
D. Tethered cord syndrome

A

C

73
Q

Which of the following describes a condition where tissue attachments limit movement of the spinal cord, causing bladder, bowel and motor issues?

A. Spina bifida occulta
B. Spina bifida cystica (meningocele)
C. Spina bifida cystica (meningomyelocele)
D. Tethered cord syndrome

A

D

74
Q

Which of the following is not a primary brain vesicle?

A. Metencephalon
B. Prosencephalon
C. Mesencephalon
D. Rhombencephalon

A

A

75
Q

This secondary brain vesicle forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus, and epithalamus.

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Metencephalon
D. Myelencephalon

A

B

76
Q

This secondary brain vesicle forms the pons and cerebellum.

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Metencephalon
D. Myelencephalon

A

C

77
Q

This secondary brain vesicle forms the cerebral hemispheres and deep cortical structures.

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Metencephalon
D. Myelencephalon

A

A

78
Q

This secondary brain vesicle forms the medulla.

A. Telencephalon
B. Diencephalon
C. Metencephalon
D. Myelencephalon

A

D

79
Q

This structure forms from the cavity of the mesencephalon and connects the third and fourth ventricles.

A. Lateral ventricles
B. Corpus callosum
C. Cerebral aqueduct
D. Basal plate

A

C

80
Q

This ventricle develops from the cavity of the telencephalic vesicle.

A. Third ventricle
B. Fourth ventricle
C. Lateral ventricle

A

C

81
Q

This ventricle develops from the cavity of the diencephalon.

A. Third ventricle
B. Fourth ventricle
C. Lateral ventricle

A

A

82
Q

This ventricle develops from the cavity of the rhombencephalon.

A. Third ventricle
B. Fourth ventricle
C. Lateral ventricle

A

B

83
Q

The spinal cord develops from the caudal aspects of the:

A. Notochord
B. Neuroectoderm
C. Neural plate
D. Neural tube

A

D

84
Q

The basal and alar plates are separated by the _____________.

A

Sulcus limitans

85
Q

Which of the two pairs of plates is anteriorly located and becomes the ventral horn?

A

Basal plates

86
Q

Which of the two pairs of plates is anteriorly located and becomes the dorsal horn?

A

Alar plates

87
Q

Which of the two pairs of plates produces sensory fibers?

A

Alar plates

88
Q

Which of the two pairs of plates produces motor fibers?

A

Basal plates

89
Q

The brainstem is formed by which 3 brain vesicles?

  • Prosencephalon
  • Mesencephalon
  • Rhombencephalon
  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
A
  • Mesencephalon
  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
90
Q

Lecture review question: What is produced during the process of neurulation?

A

Brain, spinal cord, PNS

91
Q

Lecture review question: Does spina bifida result from failure of the anterior or posterior neuropore to close?

A

Posterior

92
Q

Lecture review question: What are the three types of spina bifida?

A
  • Spina bifida occulta
  • Spina bifida cystica meningocele
  • Spina bifida cystica meningomyelocele
93
Q

Lecture review question: What is the function of the ventricular system?

A
  • The ventricular system produces and circulates CSF
  • It protects the brain and spinal cord
94
Q

Lecture review question: Where are the four ventricles located?

A

Lateral ventricles: Telencephalon
Third ventricle: Diencephalon
Fourth ventricle: Rhombencephalon (during neurulation); diencephalon (after neurulation)

95
Q

Lecture review question: What structures allow CSF fluid to communicate between the ventricles and with the subarachnoid space?

A

Interventricular foramina: Communication between lateral ventricles and 3rd ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct: communication between 3rd and 4th ventricles
Median and lateral apertures: communication between 4th and subarachnoid space

96
Q

Lecture review question: What causes hydrocephalus?

A

Congenital: At birth or genetic abnormalities
Acquired: Develops after birth

Accumulation of CSF

97
Q

Lecture review question: What is the function of CSF?

A
  • Provide buoyancy to the brain (to prevent the weight of the brain from crushing nerves and vessels against walls)
  • Protect the brain and spinal cord
  • Assist with maintaining chemical stability in the brain
98
Q

Lecture review question: The procedure used by doctors to collect a sample of CSF for analysis to measure CSF for pressure, protein content, etc. is called…

A

Lumbar puncture

99
Q

Lecture review question: What are the primary events of neurulation and when in development do they occur?

A

Day 16: Induction; forming neural plate
Day 18: Formation of neural folds
Day 20: Neural folds contact each (forming neural tube)
Day 24: Anterior neuropore closure
Day 26: Posterior neuropore closure
Days 20-42: Secondary neurulation

100
Q

Which hydrocephalus is described below?

Common in the elderly; symptoms often confused with Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s disease

A. Obstructive hydrocephalus
B. Communicating hydrocephalus
C. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
D. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

A

C

101
Q

Which hydrocephalus is described below?

Due to an occlusion within the ventricular system or subarachnoid space

A. Obstructive hydrocephalus
B. Communicating hydrocephalus
C. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
D. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

A

A

102
Q

Which hydrocephalus is described below?

Due to a blockage of movement of CSF from subarachnoid space to the venous system

A. Obstructive hydrocephalus
B. Communicating hydrocephalus
C. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
D. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

A

B

103
Q

Which hydrocephalus is described below?

Atrophy of the brain resulting in ventricular enlargement due to loss of neural tissue

A. Obstructive hydrocephalus
B. Communicating hydrocephalus
C. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus
D. Hydrocephalus ex vacuo

A

D

104
Q

Lecture review question: What are the functions of the meninges?

A

Protect and support the brain; provide a means for the arterial and venous systems

105
Q

Lecture review question: Which layer of the meninges adheres to both the skull and the surface of the brain?

A

Dura mater

106
Q

Lecture review question: What is a dural reflection and why is it important?

A

Dural reflections refer to places where two face-to-face meningeal layers descend into the cranial cavity to form the septa that compartmentalize the brain

107
Q

Lecture review question: What structures of the brain are contained in the infratentorial compartment of the cranial cavity?

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla, and cerebellum

108
Q

Lecture review question: What is a cistern?

A

Enlarged regions of the subarachnoid space

109
Q

Lecture review question: What is the difference between a subdural hematoma and a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

A

Subdural hematoma: Pooling of blood between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding into the subarachnoid space due to aneurysm rupture or blow to the head

110
Q

What are the three layers of meninges from superficial to deep?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

111
Q

What are the four dural reflections and their functions?

A

Dural reflections separate key structures and contain venous sinuses.

Falx cerebri: separates right and left hemispheres
Falx cerebelli: separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres
Diaphragma sellae: surround the stalk of the pituitary gland and forms a roof over it
Tentorium cebrelli: divides the cranial cavity into compartments (supra and infra)

112
Q

What is the difference between a hematoma and a hemorrhage?

A

Hematoma: Pooling of blood
Hemorrhage: Active bleeding from an artery

113
Q

Which herniation syndrome is described below?

Occurs when the brain contents shift, pushing the corpus callosum under the falx cerebri. This can occlude the anterior cerebral artery causing anterior cerebral artery syndrome. If not treated it can expand into a descending transtentorial herniation syndrome.

A. Subfalcine herniation
B. Central herniation
C. Uncal herniation
D. Tonsillar herniation
E. Upward cerebellar herniation

A

A

114
Q

Which herniation syndrome is described below?

Occurs when a lesion forces the uncus over the edge of the tentorium cerebri placing pressure on the brainstem. This can also impact consciousness, damage to CN III (leading to oculomotor nerve palsy), and contralateral hemiplegia.

A. Subfalcine herniation
B. Central herniation
C. Uncal herniation
D. Tonsillar herniation
E. Upward cerebellar herniation

A

C

115
Q

Which herniation syndrome is described below?

Caused by increased pressure in the posterior cranial fossa which forces the cerebellum toward the tentorium cerebelli. This occludes the posterior cerebellar artery resulting in posterior cerebellar artery syndrome, or superior cerebellar artery causing superior cerebellar artery syndrome.

A. Subfalcine herniation
B. Central herniation
C. Uncal herniation
D. Tonsillar herniation
E. Upward cerebellar herniation

A

E

116
Q

Which herniation syndrome is described below?

When the brain contents push through the foramen magnum. This increases pressure on the medulla and can cause sudden death in many cases.

A. Subfalcine herniation
B. Central herniation
C. Uncal herniation
D. Tonsillar herniation
E. Upward cerebellar herniation

A

D

117
Q

Which herniation syndrome is described below?

Occurs when the diencephalon is forced downward into the tentorial notch increasing pressure on the brainstem. This can impact consciousness, damage to CN III (leading to oculomotor nerve palsy), and contralateral hemiplegia.

A. Subfalcine herniation
B. Central herniation
C. Uncal herniation
D. Tonsillar herniation
E. Upward cerebellar herniation

A

B

118
Q

The following describes which circulation: Anterior or posterior?

“Supplies the brainstem; cerebellum; majority of the diencephalon; cortex; deep white matter of parietal lobes; medial and inferior temporal lobes; occipital lobes; posterior corpus callosum; spinal cord.”

A

Posterior

119
Q

The following describes which circulation: Anterior or posterior?

“Supplies the medial aspects of the frontal and parietal lobes and internal capsule; optic nerves and retina; frontal and parietal lobes; lateral aspects of temporal and small portion of occipital lobes; majority of corpus callosum; majority of basal nuclei and internal capsule.”

A

Anterior

120
Q

What is the anastomosis between anterior and posterior circulations called?

A

Circle of Willis

121
Q

“A loss of blood flow to the brain which damages brain tissue” is called…

A

Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)

122
Q

This kind of stroke occurs if an artery that supplies blood to the brain becomes blocked.

A

Ischemic stroke

123
Q

True or false: A thrombotic ischemic stroke is caused by a clot that develops somewhere else in the body and travels to an artery that supplies the brain.

A

False

This is an embolic ischemic stroke.
A thrombotic ischemic stroke is caused by a clot that develops in the arteries inside the brain.

124
Q

This kind of stroke occurs if an artery in the brain leaks blood or ruptures causing sudden bleeding.

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

125
Q

What are watershed infarcts?

A

The profusion of blood is lower at the distal ends, thus, pressure is lower; in the distal territory, infarctions can occur (a watershed infarct).

126
Q

The paired internal vertebral arteries are a part of which arterial system?

A. Anterior circulation
B. Posterior circulation

A

B

127
Q

The paired internal carotid arteries are a part of which arterial system?

A. Anterior circulation
B. Posterior circulation

A

A

128
Q

Which arterial system supplies the optic nerves and retina, frontal and parietal lobes, corpus callosum, basal nuclei, and internal capsule?

A. Anterior circulation
B. Posterior circulation

A

A

129
Q

The anterior cerebral arteries are joined by the anterior communicating artery forming which arterial structure?

A

Circle of Willis

130
Q

The middle cerebral arteries supply which aspects of the brain?

A. Medial aspects of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
B. Lateral aspects of frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes
C. Basal nuceli and internal capsule
D. B and C
E. All of the above

A

D

131
Q

The superior and inferior cortical branches supply what parts of the brain exactly?

A. Frontal, parietal, temporal lobes
B. Basal nuclei and internal capsule
C. Brainstem
D. Cerebellum

A

A

132
Q

Which arterial system supplies the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cortex, posterior part of corpus callosum, and spinal cord?

A. Anterior circulation
B. Posterior circulation

A

B

133
Q

The vertebral arteries fuse over the brainstem forming the ___________ artery.

A

Basilar

134
Q

The _______________ artery is formed by anterior inferior cerebellar arteries (AICA), pontine arteries, superior cerebellar arteries, and posterior cerebral artery (PCA).

A. Vertebral
B. Anterior spinal
C. Basilar
D. Anterior choroidal

A

C

135
Q

Blood from the superficial and deep veins of the brain enter the __________________ which ultimately empty into the internal jugular veins.

A

Dural venous sinuses

136
Q

All of the following are major sinuses of the venous system except:

A. Coronal sinus
B. Straight sinus
C. Transverse sinus
D. Cavernous sinus

A

A

The major sinuses are: sagittal, straight, transverse, petrosal, cavernous, occipital, sigmoid

137
Q

The major sinuses converge on the _________ of the sinuses.

A

Confluence

138
Q

The purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to be a physiological barrier that prevents many substances from entering the brain.

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the blood-brain barrier?

A. Epithelial cells
B. Pericytes
C. Basal lamina
D. End-feet
E. Astrocytes
F. Pericytes

A

A

All of the above ARE involved as well as ENDOthelial cells (not EPIthelial).

139
Q

Lecture review question: Which arteries give rise to the anterior and posterior circulations of the brain, respectively?

A

Anterior circulation: Ophthalmic, anterior choroid, posterior communicating, anterior cerebral (ACA), middle cerebral (MCA)

Posterior circulation: vertebral arteries, basilar artery

140
Q

Lecture review question: What are the two main cerebral arteries of the anterior circulation?

A

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and Middle cerebral artery (MCA)

141
Q

Lecture review question: What areas of the cortex are supplied by the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, respectively?

A

ACA: medial aspects of frontal and parietal lobes; internal capsule

MCA: lateral aspects of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes; basal nuclei and internal capsule

142
Q

Lecture review question: What areas of the brain are supplied by posterior circulation?

A
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
  • Diencephalon
  • Cortex and deep white matter of posteromedial parietal lobes, medial and inferior temporal lobes, and occipital lobes
  • Posterior part of corpus callosum
  • Spinal cord
143
Q

Lecture review question: What areas of the cortex are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?

A
  • Occipital lobe
  • Inferior part of the temporal lobe
  • Various deep structures including the thalamus and the posterior limb of the internal capsule
144
Q

Lecture review question: What arteries contribute to the formation of the Circle of Willis?

A
  • Anterior cerebral
  • Anterior communicating
  • Internal carotid
  • Posterier cerebral
  • Posterior communicating
145
Q

Lecture review question: How is blood from the brain returned to the heart?

A

Dural venous sinuses (venous system)

146
Q

Lecture review question: What is the difference between an ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Ischemic stroke: Occurs if an artery that supplied blood to the brain becomes blocked

Hemorrhagic: Occurs if an artery in the brain leaks blood or ruptures causing sudden bleeding

147
Q

Lecture review question: What structures contribute to the blood-brain barrier?

A
  • Endothelial cells
  • Pericytes
  • Astrocytes end-feet
  • Basal lamina
148
Q

True or false: Blood supply to the cortex comes from two paired artery systems and an anastomosis.

A

True

Anterior circulation is derived from the paired internal carotid arteries.

Posterior circulation is derived from the paired vertebral arteries.

Circle of Willis is the anastomosis.

149
Q

True or false: The anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries are all involved in the anterior circulation of the cortex.

A

False

The anterior and posterior cerebral arteries are, but the middle cerebral artery is NOT.

150
Q

Indicate YES or NO next to the vessel structure if it is involved in the basilar artery.

  1. Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
  2. Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
  3. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
  4. Pontine arteries
  5. Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
  6. Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)
  7. Superior cerebellar artery (SCA)
A
  1. No
  2. No
  3. No
  4. Yes
  5. Yes
  6. Yes (forms the vertebral arteries, which fuse over brainstem)
  7. Yes
151
Q

Indicate YES or NO next to the vessel structure if it is involved in the Circle of Willis.

  1. Anterior cerebral artery (ACA)
  2. Middle cerebral artery (MCA)
  3. Posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
  4. Anterior communicating artery
  5. Posterior communicating artery
  6. Internal carotid arteries
  7. Vertebral arteries
A
  1. Yes
  2. No
  3. Yes
  4. Yes
  5. Yes
  6. Yes
  7. No

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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