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Neuroscience > 07: Somatosensory 2; Special Sensory (Vision) > Flashcards

07: Somatosensory 2; Special Sensory (Vision) Flashcards

1
Q

True or false: Pain is an unpleasant sensation and emotional experience.

A

True

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2
Q

True or false: Pain, temperature, and crude touch receptors are encapsulated nerve endings.

A

False

They are free nerve endings.

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3
Q

Which of the following receptors will encode pain related to tissue damage that is well localized and contributes to the primary pain response?

A. Thermoreceptors
B. Mechanonociceptors
C. C-poly modal nociceptors

A

B

C-poly modal nociceptors encode pain that is poorly localized and contribute to secondary pain response.
Thermoreceptors encode pain responses to extreme heat or cold (related to burning or freezing).

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4
Q

True or false: A potential consequence of peripheral sensitization is that a person may interpret non-noxious stimuli as painful.

A

False

This is a consequence of central sensitization.

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5
Q

Which of the following statements reflects changes associated with peripheral sensitization? Select all that apply.

A. Nociceptors have a lower threshold for activation.
B. Nociceptors are more responsive to stimuli (higher firing rate when activated).
C. Posterior horn cells have larger receptive fields
D. Over activity of nociceptors results in exaggerated response to painful stimuli in the area of tissue damage.

A

A, B, D

A + B lead to primary hyperalgesia (D).
C is related to central sensitization.

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6
Q

You are administering a pin prick test to assess Jasper’s ability to sense sharp/painful stimuli on his upper limb. Which system are you activating?

A. Direct pathway of ALS
B. Indirect pathway of ALS
C. Trigeminal system

A

A

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7
Q

True or false: The indirect pathway of the ALS projects to multiple brain regions, including the brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and frontal and limbic cortices.

A

True

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8
Q

The central processes of primary afferent of the trigeminal system will descend as which tract to reach second order neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus?

A. Anterior trigeminothalamic
B. Spinal trigeminal
C. Spinothalamic

A

B

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9
Q

True or false: The function of the optical apparatus is to refract light so that the visual image is appropriately projected onto the retina.

A

True

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10
Q

True or false: There is no change in orientation of the image that is projected onto the retina.

A

False

The image is projected, inverted, and reversed.

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11
Q

Which refractory error of the eye results in difficult seeing objects that are close up?

A. Astigmatism
B. Hyperopia
C. Myopia

A

B

Astigmatism is impaired eyesight caused by an irregular shaped cornea; light doesn’t focus on the retina and vision is blurry regardless of object distance.
Myopia is also known as near-sightedness; person perceives objects farther away as blurry.

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12
Q

A young child that presents with an atypical alignment of the eyes, with one eye positions medially in the orbit, has which type of strabismus?

A. Extotropia
B. Hypertropia
C. Esotropia

A

C

Exotropia is a strabismus where the eye sits laterally in the orbit.
Hypertropia (not to be confused with hyperopia) is a strabismus where the eye sits higher in the orbit.

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13
Q

True or false: The photoreceptors are the sensory receptors of the neural retina and the bipolar cells provide final neural output of the retina.

A

False

Photoreceptors are the sensory receptors of the neural retina, however, it is the retinal ganglion cells that provide the final output of the neural retina.

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14
Q

Which of the following results in a selective loss of central field of vision?

A. Age-related macular degeneration
B. Retinal detachment
C. Glaucoma

A

A

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15
Q

True or false: The rods and cones respond to the same wave lengths of light.

A

False

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16
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of cones? Select all that apply.

  • They are concentrated in the fovea and macula.
  • They contribute to our peripheral fields of vision.
  • They allow us to have color vision.
  • They contribute to scotopic vision.
  • They contribute to high acuity vision allowing us to discriminate the features of objects.
A
  • They are concentrated in the fovea and macula.
  • They allow us to have color vision.
  • They contribute to high acuity vision allowing us to discriminate the features of objects.
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17
Q

True or false: Photoreceptors depolarize in response to a light stimulus resulting in an increase in the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

A

False

Photoreceptors hyperpolarize in response to a light stimulus resulting in a decrease in the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

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18
Q

Which of the following statements best reflects the response patterns of on-bipolar and off-bipolar cells to the release of glutamate by the photoreceptors?

A. The on-bipolar cell is depolarized while the off-bipolar cell is hyperpolarized by the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor.
B. The on-bipolar cell is hyperpolarized while the off-bipolar cell is depolarized by the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor.
C. Both cells are hyperpolarized by the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor.
D. Both cells are depolarized by the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor.

A

B

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19
Q

When light hits the excitatory center of an on-ganglion p cell, which of the following will occur?

A. The ganglion cell will increase and decrease its firing rate in synchrony with the sine wave of the light stimulus.
B. The ganglion cell will increase its firing rate at the onset of the stimulus and then again at the offset of the light stimulus.
C. The ganglion cell will decrease its firing rate.

A

A

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20
Q

True or false: The binocular field of vision is the field of vision that is seen with both eyes.

A

True

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21
Q

Which of the following structures of the visual pathway contains information from both the right and left visual fields?

A. Optic tract
B. Optic nerve
C. Optic radiations

A

B

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22
Q

Receptive field properties of cortical neurons in primary visual cortex allow for which of the following visual attributes to be discriminated? Select all that apply.

  • Orientation
  • Color
  • Contrast
  • Movement
A

All of the above!

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23
Q

The ventral stream of vision contributes to our ability to perform which of the following functions?

A. Reach for a cup during breakfast
B. Identify appropriate items needed for cooking a meal
C. Wipe tears from a child’s eyes

A

B

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24
Q

Why are photoreceptors unique receptors?

A

They hyperpolarize when stimulated!

(Marjority of others DEpolarize)

25
Q

Is pain objective or subjective?

A

Subjective

26
Q

What sensory receptors transmit non-discriminitive touch (crude), temperature, and pain sensations?

A

Nociceptors (Group III and IV fibers)

27
Q

What tracts are part of the direct and indirect pathways, respectively?

A

Direct: ALS, primarily Group III fibers

Indirect: ALS, primarily Group IV fibers

28
Q

Which pathway conveys pain and temperature information from the body that allows for precise localization of those sensations?

A

ALS direct pathway

29
Q

How are the pain signals modified at the level of the spinal cord?

A

Top-down modulation of pain; can facilitate or inhibit pain sensations through ascending and descending tracts

30
Q

How are pain and temperature sensations from the face transmitted to the cortex? (Which system)

A

Trigeminal system

31
Q

What is the difference between hyperalgesia and allodynia?

A

Hyperalgesia: Increased sensitivity to pain

Allodynia: Painful response to stimuli that is not normally associated with pain

32
Q

What structures of the eye are important for refracting and focusing light on the retina?

A. Pupil
B. Lens
C. Cilium
D. Rods and cones

A

B

33
Q

What causes amblyopia?

A

Uncorrected strabismus

34
Q

What happens when a light stimulus hits a photoreceptor?

A

Transduced and transmitted to outer nuclear layer > outer plexiform layer > inner nuclear layer > inner plexiform layer > ganglion cell layer > nerve fiber layer

35
Q

What is the difference between an on and off bipolar cell?

A

ON: Hyperpolarized (”on”) by glutamate in dark state, depolarize when photoreceptor turns off

OFF: Depolarized (“off”) by glutamate in dark state, hyperpolarize when photoreceptor turns off

36
Q

What crosses at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal portions of each retina (a.k.a. Temporal fields of vision)

37
Q

True or false: The retinotopic map maintained in the lateral geniculate body and primary visual cortex.

A

False

The retinotopic map maintained in the lateral geniculate body and retina.

38
Q

What you expect to see in your patient if there was an injury impacting the left optic tract as opposed to an injury impacting the left optic nerve?

A

Left optic tract: right homonymous hemianopia (blind in right hemifield of vision of both eyes)

Left optic nerve: complete blindness in left eye

39
Q

True or false: The ventral stream of vision is our “perceptual” vision, helping us recognize objects, words, faces, and movements.

A

True

It is the “who/what” system.

The dorsal stream of vision is our “action” vision (“where/how”). It helps us detect and analyze movement and spatial localization of objects.

40
Q

What clinical tests are used to evaluate visual fields?

A
  • Pupillary light reflex
  • Visual acuity (“Snellen chart”)
  • Visual field testing
41
Q

A condition where the visual axes of the eyes are not parallel is called:

A. Glaucoma
B. Cataracts
C. Nystagmus
D. Stabismus

A

D

42
Q

True or false: Esotropia and exotropia are two types of vertical strabismus.

A

False

These are horizontal strabismus; vertical strabismus includes hypertrophia and hypotropia.

43
Q

True or false: The direction of light and neural outflow flow in opposite directions.

A

True

44
Q

Which of the following is the terminal end of neural outflow before the vitreous body?

A. Rods and cones
B. Choroid
C. Ganglion cells
D. Lens

A

C

45
Q

True or false: “Wet age-related” macular degeneration occurs when new vessels form in the choroid that are weak and break; these vessels then leak fluids and cause fibrous scarring.

A

True

46
Q

Which retinal condition is characterized by optic neuropathy and degeneration of retinal ganglion cells?

A. Age-related macular degeneration
B. Rhegmatogenosous
C. Glaucoma
D. Cataracts

A

C

47
Q

Where would the injury in the visual system be if the patient has bitemporal hemianopia (blindness in lateral hemifields of vision)?

A. Optic nerve
B. Optic chiasm
C. Optic tract
D. Optic radiations

A

B

48
Q

True or false: Ocular dominance columns respond optimally to a given stimulated when presented in a specific orientation.

A

False

This describes orientation columns.

Ocular dominance columns respond optimally to stimulation from either the ipsilateral or contralateral eye.

49
Q

True or false: P-cells are found in the peripheral retina, receive input from cones, and respond to color stimuli.

A

False

P-cells are found in the central retina, receive input from cones, and respond to color stimuli.

M-cells are found in the peripheral retina, receive input from rods, and respond to moving stimuli.

50
Q

Organize the following into the proper order for Phototransduction.

A. Transducin activates PDE, closing Na+ channels.
B. Na+ channels open and photoreceptors are releasing glutamate.
C. Light is absorbed by the photo pigment activating Transducin.
D. Photo receptor hyperpolarizes.
E. Photoreceptor depolarizes.
F. Decrease in glutamate released.

A

B, E, C, A, D

51
Q

True or false: Pain sensations can be facilitated or inhibited.

A

True

52
Q

This kind of therapy can reverse dysfunctional cortical reorganization in the primary somatosensory cortex.

A

Mirror theory

53
Q

True or false: OFF bipolar cells are hyperpolarized by glutamate in the dark state and will depolarize when the photoreceptor that is synapsing with it turns off.

A

False

ON bipolar cells are hyperpolarized by glutamate in the dark state and will depolarize when the photoreceptor that is synapsing with it turns off.

OFF bipolar cells are depolarized by glutamate in the dark state and will hyperpolarize when the photoreceptor that is synapsing with it turns off.

54
Q

Which cells (ON or OFF bipolar) have a bright center and dark surround when depolarized?

A

On bipolar cells

55
Q

True or false: M cells respond to color and transience.

A

False

P cells respond to color and transience.

M cells respond to light onset/offset.

56
Q

If the thalamogeniculate arteries were blocked causing a visual field deficit, how would the deficit present?

A

left homonymous hemianopia (left visual field is blind)

57
Q

If the ACA was blocked causing a visual field deficit, how would the deficit present?

A

bitemporal hemianopia (lateral fields of vision blind)

58
Q

This stream of vision is our “perceptive” stream of vision, helping us recognize objects and faces.

A

Ventral stream of vision

59
Q

Predictive coding involves and interaction between…

A

top-down and bottom-up processing

Neuroscience (14 decks)

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