1.4 - Attitudes to Empire and Role of Individuals

Question 1

Who was David Livingstone?

Answer 1

A Scottish explorer and missionary doctor known for his travels in Africa in the 1840s+50s

Question 2

What was the primary goal of David Livingstone’s explorations?

Answer 2

To open a path for commerce and Christianity.

However he famously only converted one person

Question 3

What significant geographical features did David Livingstone discover?

Answer 3

• Lake Ngami (1849)
• Zambezi Falls (later Victoria Falls, 1855)

Question 4

What was the title of David Livingstone’s bestselling book?

Answer 4

Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa.

Question 5

How many copies did Livingstone’s book sell in seven months?

Answer 5

28,000 copies.

Question 6

What was David Livingstone’s stance on the slave trade?

Answer 6

He was determined to end the slave trade in Central and East Africa.

Question 7

What were the causes of David Livingstone’s death?

Answer 7

Malaria

Question 8

Who was John Kirk?

Answer 8

A Scottish physician and chief medical officer for Livingstone’s Zambezi expedition.

Question 9

What was John Kirk’s role in Zanzibar?

Answer 9

He was a medical officer, vice-consul, and negotiated control from the sultan to the Imperial British East African Company.

Question 10

What commercial interests did Zanzibar have for Britain?

Answer 10

• Clove exports
• Ivory exports

Question 11

Who was Sir Richard Burton?

Answer 11

A linguistic scholar, explorer, soldier, diplomat, and adventurer that spoke 29 languages

Question 12

Which important African lakes did Burton explore?

Answer 12

Lake Tanganyika.

Question 13

What was the nature of Burton’s motivation for exploration?

Answer 13

His spirit of adventure.

Question 14

Fill in the blank: David Livingstone wrote approximately _____ letters about his exploration of the Zambezi river.

Answer 14

2000.

Question 15

True or False: John Kirk was committed to maintaining the slave trade in Africa.

Answer 15

False.

Question 16

What was one of the first steam railways in East Africa located?

Answer 16

Zanzibar.

Question 17

Who was John Speke?

Answer 17

An explorer who joined Burton on the quest to find the source of the Nile.

Question 18

What significant geographical feature did John Speke discover?

Answer 18

Lake Victoria, which he argued was the source of the Nile.

Question 19

What was the purpose of Stanley’s expedition from 1869-71?

Answer 19

To find Livingstone.

Question 20

What book did Stanley publish after finding Livingstone?

Answer 20

How I Found Livingstone in Central Africa.

Question 21

What role did missionaries play in the empire?

Answer 21

They sought to spread Christianity and convert populations.

Question 22

What were Missionary Societies?

Answer 22

Organizations that aimed for world-wide conversion and shared a common conviction.

Question 23

Which groups were involved in Missionary Societies?

Answer 23

Anglicans, Roman Catholics, non-conformist groups like Methodists.

Question 24

What did Missionary Societies produce to gain support?

Answer 24

Pamphlets to relay stories and gain financial backers.

Question 25

Why did people become missionaries?

Answer 25

Out of moral compulsion and deep religious conviction.

Question 26

Fill in the blank: Missionaries hoped to create Christian bases that would become _______.

Answer 26

self-financing, self-governing, and expansionist

Question 27

True or False: Many missionaries returned home safely after their missions.

Answer 27

False.

Question 28

What role did missionary societies play in British imperialism? (5)

Answer 28

* Establishing links with indigenous communities * Seeking imperial protection * Acting as local trading agents * Sharing geographical and strategic knowledge * Acting as intermediaries between indigenous populations and colonial authorities

Question 29

Who was John Mackenzie and what was his influence?

Answer 29

He pressured the British government to establish a protectorate over Bechuanaland and became its Deputy Commissioner

Question 30

How did missionaries perceive Africa compared to India?

Answer 30

Africa was seen as 'virgin territory' with primitive beliefs, while India had a sophisticated civilisation with entrenched beliefs

Question 31

What social reforms were introduced by women missionaries such as Mary Slessor in India? (3)

Answer 31

* Educating women * Preventing girls from being used as temple prostitutes * Banning the practice of Sati (widow burning)

Question 32

What were missionaries known to offer to local populations? (3)

Answer 32

* Material gain * Education * Christianity

Question 33

What was the impact of missionaries in Nigeria between 1886-1895?

Answer 33

There were more Anglicans in Nigeria than in England

Question 34

What was the number of missionaries in the field by the end of the 19th century?

Answer 34

Approximately 12,000 missionaries

Question 35

What was Lord Salisbury's view on missionaries?

Answer 35

He denounced them as vulgar radicals

Question 36

Who was Cecil Rhodes and what was his contribution to British imperialism? (3)

Answer 36

He was a colonial administrator who: * Annexed territory around the Zambesi river * Founded the British South Africa Company * Amassed wealth from diamond mining (owned 90% of worlds diamond mines)

Question 37

What was William Mackinnon's role in East Africa?

Answer 37

He founded the Imperial British East Africa Company and helped establish British control in the region

Question 38

Fill in the blank: Cecil Rhodes annexed territory around the _______ river.

Answer 38

Zambesi

Question 39

Who were 4 notable individuals that started as explorers, missionaries, or traders?

Answer 39

William Mackinnon, Cecil Rhodes, George Goldie, John Kirk.

Question 40

What was Sir Evelyn Baring's title after becoming Earl of Cromer?

Answer 40

Earl of Cromer in 1901

Question 41

What action did Frere take regarding the Zulus?

Answer 41

He deliberately provoked a war with the Zulus in December 1878

Question 42

What was the outcome of the Zulu War for the British forces?

Answer 42

The British forces suffered a shocking defeat at Isandlwana in January 1879.