The Lymphatic System

Question 1

tissues with significant populations of lymphocytes

Answer 1

spleen, tonsils, thymus, appendix, lymph vessels, lymph nodes and nodules, bone marrow, gut-associated lymphatic tissue

Question 2

functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 2

drain excess fluid

re-circulate proteins

absorb emulsified fats via lacteals

body defense mechanism including humoral and cell-mediated immunity

Question 3

humoral immunity

Answer 3

B-cells that differentiate into plasma cells for antibodty production

Question 4

cell-mediated immunity

Answer 4

T-cells that become killer cells

Question 5

Describe the growth curves of the lymphatic system, the brain, the reproductive system, and in general.

Answer 5

lymphatic system grows to a peak in early childhood and then shrinks as a person goes into adulthood

Question 6

general plan of lymph drainage

Answer 6

lymph enters the lymphatic capillaries and eventually enters the blood stream at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins at the root of the neck

Question 7

lymphatic capillaries

Answer 7

bein blindly with no connection to blood capillaries

endothelial cells have no basal lamina and the cells have gaps between them

Question 8

Describe the flow of lympth through the lymph nodes.

Answer 8

afferent lymphatic vessels -> sub-capsular, trabecular, and medullary sinuses -> efferent lymphatics

Question 9

PALS

Answer 9

periarterial lymphatic sheats - lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries

Question 10

stratification of flow through the body wall

Answer 10

lymph vessels above the umbilicus -> drain into axillary lymph nodes -> going deep to form subclavian trunk

lymph vessels below the umbilicus -> drain int the superficial inguinal lymph nodes -> pierces the deep body wall -> deep inguinal nodes

Question 11

deep lymph flow towards the veins of the neck

Answer 11

primpary pathway goes from plexus of lymphatic vessels and nodes around the abdominal aorta -> cranial flow through abdomen -> aortic lymphatics converge on dilated cysterna chyli below diaphragm -> continues as the thoracic duct -> junctions to left internal jugular and subclavian veins

Question 12

three routes lymph can use to enter the blood

Answer 12

jugular trunks

subclavian trunks

bronchomediastinal trunks

Question 13

thoracic duct

Answer 13

continuation of the cysterna chili, which continues from the diaphragm to the junction of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins

Question 14

cysterna chyli

Answer 14

lymphatic structure formed from the convergence of the aortic lymphatics

dilation before the thoracic duct

Question 15

axillary or superficial inguinal nodes

Answer 15

the location where most lymph in the superficial body wall first drains into

Question 16

lymph flow in leg

Answer 16

superficial lymph flows up to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes

deep lymph follows the large v essels to the deep inguinal nodes under the deep or investing fascia at or within the femoral canal

Question 17

lymph flow from lateral food, ankle, and posterior calf

Answer 17

drain deep into popliteal nodes whech then flow into the deep lymphatic tissues

Question 18

femoral sheath

Answer 18

superficial and deep lymph converge here

envelops the femoral artery, femoral vein, and lymphatics

lymphatics go through the femoral canal

the femoral nerve is outside of the femoral sheath

Question 19

Describe the stratification of lymph flow from the rectum

Answer 19

pectineal line separates internal iliac vessels and inferior mesenteric vessels with superficial inguinal nodes, which goes to the body wall

Question 20

sources of lymph that lead to the aortic lymphatics

Answer 20

lower back muscles

abdominal muscles

entire lower extremity

abdominal organs

pelvic organs

superficial body wall of lower trunk

Question 21

arm lymphatics

Answer 21

superficial and deep lymph in the upper extremity flow to the axillary lymph nodes

subclavian trunk drains lymph from the axillary nodes into the veins of the neck on each side

Question 22

lymph drainage from the heart and lungs

Answer 22

through the bronchomediastinal trunks, lymph passing to opposite sides

other small vessels piercing the veins

Question 23

lymphogenous metastasis

Answer 23

spread of cancer via the lymphatic system

Question 24

lymphangitis

Answer 24

inflammation of lymph vessels

Question 25

lymphadenitis

Answer 25

inflammation of lymph nodes

Question 26

elephantitis

Answer 26

chronic blockage of lymph vessels that produces marked swelling of the infected region

can be produced by the ova of a small, tropical parasitic worm

Question 27

lymphatic drainage of the breast

Answer 27

primary route is to the axillary lymph nodes

second dary routes are to the opposite breast, deep to parasternal nodes in the mediastinum with connections to the liver through the diaphragm

can also go to the superficial inguinal nodes in rare cases