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BDS - Module 9 > 13. Oral Pathology > Flashcards

13. Oral Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The local physiological response to tissue injury. Can be acute or chronic.

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2
Q

Signs of Inflammation:

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

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3
Q

What are the 4 steps to scarring?

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts
  3. Collagen deposition
  4. Maturation and organisation of fibrous tissue
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4
Q

What 4 local factors affect wound healing?

A

Infection
Physical movement
Foreign bodies
Type of wound

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5
Q

What 4 systemic factors affect wound healing?

A

Nutrition
Metabolic status
Circulatory status
Hormones

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6
Q

What are the 5 steps to processing a specimen sample?

A
  1. Specimen received fresh or fixed in formalin
  2. Specimen described, directed and placed in cassette
  3. Specimen dehydrated in alcohol
  4. Specimen embedded in hot paraffin wax
  5. Section cuts, mounted and stained
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7
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increased in cell numbers

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8
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased in cell size

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9
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreases in cell size

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10
Q

Metaplasia

A

One cell replaces another cell

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11
Q

Epithelial dysplasia

A

Altercation in epithelial cells

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12
Q

Ulceration

A

Loss of surface epithelium

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13
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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14
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death by injury or disease

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15
Q

List a developmental white patch:

A

Fordyce granulues

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16
Q

List a normal variation white patch:

A

Leukoedema

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17
Q

List hereditary white patches:

A

White sponge naevus
Pachyonychia congenita
Dyskeratosis congenita

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18
Q

List traumatic white lesions:

A

Mechanical
Frictional
Chemical
Thermal

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19
Q

List dermatological white patches:

A

Licken planus
Lupus Erythematous

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20
Q

List Infective white patches:

A

Candidosis
Syphilitic leukoplakia
Oral hairy leukoplakia

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21
Q

List idiopathic white patches:

A

Leukoplakia
Proliferation verrucous leukoplakia

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22
Q

List neoplastic white patches:

A

Dysplastic lesions
Squamous cell carcinoma

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23
Q

White Sponge Naevus:

A

Hereditary white patch
Non defined
Shaggy surface
Tx: nil

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24
Q

Frictional Keratosis:

A

Traumatic white patch
Rough white patch at the site of trauma
Tx: removal of trauma cause

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25
Licken Planus:
Chronic inflammatory disease of skin and mucous membranes Unknown cause Skin lesions and oral lesions OMPD
26
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia
Infective white patch on lateral border of the tongue Asymptomatic Caused by Epstein Barr virus Tx: nil required
27
Leukoplakia
Idiopathic white patch Range of different white patches
28
Proliferation verrucous leukoplakia
Idiopathic white patch
29
List 3 infective causes of red patches:
Bacterial Fungal Viral
30
List 2 dermatological red patches:
Erosive licken planus Lupus Erythematous
31
List 2 idiopathic red patches:
Geographic tongue Erythroplakia
32
List 2 neoplastic red lesions:
Dysplastic lesions Squamous cell carcinoma
33
Median rhomboid glossitis:
Infective red patch Rhomboid red patch on posterior aspect of tongue Asymptomatic Unknown cause Tx: antifungals
34
Erythroplakia:
Idiopathic red patch Red, velvety appearance Unknown cause OMPD Tx: biopsy
35
List 3 examples of pigmented exogenous lesions:
Staining Black hairy tongue Foreign bodies
36
List 3 examples of endogenous pigmented lesions:
Melantoic macules HIV infection Mucosal melanoma
37
Amalgam Tattoo:
Blue/black pigmented lesion caused by amalgam Asymptomatic Tx: nil
38
Melantoic macule:
Benign pigmented lesion Flat Brown/black Tx: excision
39
Mucosal melanoma:
Brown/black lesion if pigmented Red if not Asymptomatic initially Tx: surgical resection and radiotherapy
40
What is an ulcer?
A localised surface defect with loss of epithelium exposing underlying connective tissue.
41
What are the 7 causes of ulcers?
Infection Trauma Medications Idiopathic Systemic disease Dermatological Neoplastic
42
What medications cause ulcers?
Nicorandil NSAID’s
43
What 3 systemic diseases cause oral ulcers?
Haematological GI HIV
44
What dermatological diseases cause oral ulcers?
Licken planus Lupus Erythematous
45
What neoplastic conditions cause oral ulcers?
Oral squamous cell carcinoma
46
List the 12 Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders:
Leukoplakia Erythroplakia Erythroleukoplakia Oral submous fibrosis Syphilitic glossitis Dyskeratosis glossitis Chronic candidosis Licken planus Discoid lupus Erythematous Smokeless Tabacco keratosis Palatial lesions associated with reverse smoking Actinic keratosis of the lip
47
Oral submucous fibrosis
Pale, firm mucosa Can lead to Trismus Progresses
48
Chronic Candidiasis
White patch that cannot be removed
49
Epithelial dysplasia:
Changes to surface epithelium Can indicate risk of carcinoma Can be mild/moderate/severe Tx: modify risk factors, biopsy, excision, review
50
Oral Cancers
Cancer of the oral cavity and external lip Most commonly squamous cell carcinomas
51
List 10 signs and symptoms of oral cancer:
Lumps and bumps Ulcers White patches Red patches White and red patches Non healing sockets Unexplained tooth mobility Dysphagia Pain Bleeding
52
List the 6 red flags of oral cancer that warrant an urgent referral:
Unexplained lump Unexplained ulcers Unexplained swelling Unexplained white, red or red and white patches Persistent hoarseness Persistent throat pain
53
What causes periapical pathology?
Inflammation due to bacterial infection following pulpal death
54
What are the possible outcomes of a non vital tooth?
Periapical Peridontitis > Acute or chronic > Acute > Acute abscess Chronic > periapical granuloma > radicular cyst
55
Periapcial Granuloma:
A mass of inflamed granulation tissue at the apex of a non vital tooth
56
What is a cyst?
A pathological cavity with fluid or semi fluid contents that is lined or partially lined with epithelium.
57
What are the 2 types of cyst?
ODONTOGENIC Non - ODONTOGENIC
58
What are the 2 types of ODONTOGENIC cyst?
Inflammatory Developmental
59
List the 5 inflammatory ODONTOGENIC cysts:
Radicular cyst - arises from a pa granuloma Lateral radicular cyst - arises from lateral canal Residual cyst - persists after Xla of associated tooth Paradental cysts - associated with 3rd molars Mandibular bifurcation cyst - associated with lower 1st and 2nd molars
60
List the 3 main developmental ODONTOGENIC cysts:
odontogenic keratocyst Dentigerous cyst - associated with crown of unerupted tooth Eruption cyst - associated with crown of erupting tooth
61
List the 3 NON- ODONTOGENIC cysts:
Nasopaltine duct cyst Surgical ciliated cyst Nasiolabial cysts
62
List the 5 soft tissue cysts:
Salivary mucocoeles Epidermoid cyst Dermoid cyst Lymphoepithelial cyst Thyroglossal cysts
63
List the 2 bone cysts:
Simple bone cyst Aneurysmal bone cyst
64
List the 4 main benign bone tumours:
Ameloblastoma Adenomatoid tumour Odontoma Cementablastoma
65
Ameloblastoma:
Benign slow growing jaw swelling
66
Adenomatoid tumour:
Benign tumour associated with an Unerupted tooth
67
Odontoma:
Benign malformation of dental tissues
68
Cementoblastoma
Benign painful swelling associated with a vital tooth
69
Chondrosarcoma
Malignant Cartilage tumour
70
Osteosarcoma
Malignant bone tumour
71
List 4 inflammatory bone pathologies:
Alveolar osteitis Osteomyelitis Osteoradionecrosis MRONJ
72
What causes soft tissue lesions?
Hyperplasia in response to trauma and inflammation
73
Fibrous epulis:
Firm pink mass on gingivae
74
Pyogenic granuloma:
Soft red/purple swelling on gingivae - also known as pregnancy epulis if occurs in pregnancy
75
Giant cell epulis
Soft purple swelling on gingivae
76
Fibroepithelial polyps
Smooth mucosal polyps of pink colour
77
Denture hyperplasia
Pale, fibrous, swollen mucosa
78
Hyperplasia of the palate:
Numerous, small, tightly packed nodular lesions
79
Neoplasm:
An abnormal mass of tissue that form when cells grow and divide more than they should. Can be benign or malignant
80
List tumour of fibrous tissue:
Fibrosarcoma (malignant)
81
List tumours of adipose tissue:
Lipoma (benign) Liposarcoma (malignant)
82
List tumours of vascular tissue:
Haemangioma Lymphagioma Kaposi sarcoma Angiosarcoma
83
List tumours of peripheral nerves:
Neurofibroma Neurilemmoma Traumatic neuroma Peripheral nerve sheath tumour
84
List smooth muscle tumours:
Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
85
List skeletal muscle tumours:
Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
86
List 3 types of salivary gland pathology:
Salivary mucocoeles Sialadenitis Salivary gland tumours
87
Salivary mucocoeles
Salivary cyst like swelling
88
Sialadenitis
Chronic bacterial infection of salivary glands
89
List the 3 malignant salivary gland tumours:
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Actinic cell carcinoma
90
List the 3 benign salivary gland tumours:
Pleomorphic adenoma Warthin tumour Canalicular adenoma

BDS - Module 9 (16 decks)

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