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BDS - Module 9 > 13. Oral Pathology > Flashcards

13. Oral Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

The local physiological response to tissue injury. Can be acute or chronic.

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2
Q

Signs of Inflammation:

A

Redness
Heat
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

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3
Q

What are the 4 steps to scarring?

A
  1. Angiogenesis
  2. Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts
  3. Collagen deposition
  4. Maturation and organisation of fibrous tissue
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4
Q

What 4 local factors affect wound healing?

A

Infection
Physical movement
Foreign bodies
Type of wound

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5
Q

What 4 systemic factors affect wound healing?

A

Nutrition
Metabolic status
Circulatory status
Hormones

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6
Q

What are the 5 steps to processing a specimen sample?

A
  1. Specimen received fresh or fixed in formalin
  2. Specimen described, directed and placed in cassette
  3. Specimen dehydrated in alcohol
  4. Specimen embedded in hot paraffin wax
  5. Section cuts, mounted and stained
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7
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increased in cell numbers

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8
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased in cell size

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9
Q

Atrophy

A

Decreases in cell size

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10
Q

Metaplasia

A

One cell replaces another cell

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11
Q

Epithelial dysplasia

A

Altercation in epithelial cells

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12
Q

Ulceration

A

Loss of surface epithelium

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13
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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14
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death by injury or disease

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15
Q

List a developmental white patch:

A

Fordyce granulues

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16
Q

List a normal variation white patch:

A

Leukoedema

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17
Q

List hereditary white patches:

A

White sponge naevus
Pachyonychia congenita
Dyskeratosis congenita

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18
Q

List traumatic white lesions:

A

Mechanical
Frictional
Chemical
Thermal

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19
Q

List dermatological white patches:

A

Licken planus
Lupus Erythematous

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20
Q

List Infective white patches:

A

Candidosis
Syphilitic leukoplakia
Oral hairy leukoplakia

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21
Q

List idiopathic white patches:

A

Leukoplakia
Proliferation verrucous leukoplakia

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22
Q

List neoplastic white patches:

A

Dysplastic lesions
Squamous cell carcinoma

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23
Q

White Sponge Naevus:

A

Hereditary white patch
Non defined
Shaggy surface
Tx: nil

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24
Q

Frictional Keratosis:

A

Traumatic white patch
Rough white patch at the site of trauma
Tx: removal of trauma cause

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25
Q

Licken Planus:

A

Chronic inflammatory disease of skin and mucous membranes
Unknown cause
Skin lesions and oral lesions
OMPD

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26
Q

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia

A

Infective white patch on lateral border of the tongue
Asymptomatic
Caused by Epstein Barr virus
Tx: nil required

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27
Q

Leukoplakia

A

Idiopathic white patch
Range of different white patches

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28
Q

Proliferation verrucous leukoplakia

A

Idiopathic white patch

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29
Q

List 3 infective causes of red patches:

A

Bacterial
Fungal
Viral

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30
Q

List 2 dermatological red patches:

A

Erosive licken planus
Lupus Erythematous

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31
Q

List 2 idiopathic red patches:

A

Geographic tongue
Erythroplakia

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32
Q

List 2 neoplastic red lesions:

A

Dysplastic lesions
Squamous cell carcinoma

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33
Q

Median rhomboid glossitis:

A

Infective red patch
Rhomboid red patch on posterior aspect of tongue
Asymptomatic
Unknown cause
Tx: antifungals

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34
Q

Erythroplakia:

A

Idiopathic red patch
Red, velvety appearance
Unknown cause
OMPD
Tx: biopsy

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35
Q

List 3 examples of pigmented exogenous lesions:

A

Staining
Black hairy tongue
Foreign bodies

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36
Q

List 3 examples of endogenous pigmented lesions:

A

Melantoic macules
HIV infection
Mucosal melanoma

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37
Q

Amalgam Tattoo:

A

Blue/black pigmented lesion caused by amalgam
Asymptomatic
Tx: nil

38
Q

Melantoic macule:

A

Benign pigmented lesion
Flat
Brown/black
Tx: excision

39
Q

Mucosal melanoma:

A

Brown/black lesion if pigmented
Red if not
Asymptomatic initially
Tx: surgical resection and radiotherapy

40
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

A localised surface defect with loss of epithelium exposing underlying connective tissue.

41
Q

What are the 7 causes of ulcers?

A

Infection
Trauma
Medications
Idiopathic
Systemic disease
Dermatological
Neoplastic

42
Q

What medications cause ulcers?

A

Nicorandil
NSAID’s

43
Q

What 3 systemic diseases cause oral ulcers?

A

Haematological
GI
HIV

44
Q

What dermatological diseases cause oral ulcers?

A

Licken planus
Lupus Erythematous

45
Q

What neoplastic conditions cause oral ulcers?

A

Oral squamous cell carcinoma

46
Q

List the 12 Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders:

A

Leukoplakia
Erythroplakia
Erythroleukoplakia
Oral submous fibrosis
Syphilitic glossitis
Dyskeratosis glossitis
Chronic candidosis
Licken planus
Discoid lupus Erythematous
Smokeless Tabacco keratosis
Palatial lesions associated with reverse smoking
Actinic keratosis of the lip

47
Q

Oral submucous fibrosis

A

Pale, firm mucosa
Can lead to Trismus
Progresses

48
Q

Chronic Candidiasis

A

White patch that cannot be removed

49
Q

Epithelial dysplasia:

A

Changes to surface epithelium
Can indicate risk of carcinoma
Can be mild/moderate/severe
Tx: modify risk factors, biopsy, excision, review

50
Q

Oral Cancers

A

Cancer of the oral cavity and external lip
Most commonly squamous cell carcinomas

51
Q

List 10 signs and symptoms of oral cancer:

A

Lumps and bumps
Ulcers
White patches
Red patches
White and red patches
Non healing sockets
Unexplained tooth mobility
Dysphagia
Pain
Bleeding

52
Q

List the 6 red flags of oral cancer that warrant an urgent referral:

A

Unexplained lump
Unexplained ulcers
Unexplained swelling
Unexplained white, red or red and white patches
Persistent hoarseness
Persistent throat pain

53
Q

What causes periapical pathology?

A

Inflammation due to bacterial infection following pulpal death

54
Q

What are the possible outcomes of a non vital tooth?

A

Periapical Peridontitis > Acute or chronic >
Acute > Acute abscess
Chronic > periapical granuloma > radicular cyst

55
Q

Periapcial Granuloma:

A

A mass of inflamed granulation tissue at the apex of a non vital tooth

56
Q

What is a cyst?

A

A pathological cavity with fluid or semi fluid contents that is lined or partially lined with epithelium.

57
Q

What are the 2 types of cyst?

A

ODONTOGENIC
Non - ODONTOGENIC

58
Q

What are the 2 types of ODONTOGENIC cyst?

A

Inflammatory
Developmental

59
Q

List the 5 inflammatory ODONTOGENIC cysts:

A

Radicular cyst - arises from a pa granuloma
Lateral radicular cyst - arises from lateral canal
Residual cyst - persists after Xla of associated tooth
Paradental cysts - associated with 3rd molars
Mandibular bifurcation cyst - associated with lower 1st and 2nd molars

60
Q

List the 3 main developmental ODONTOGENIC cysts:

A

odontogenic keratocyst
Dentigerous cyst - associated with crown of unerupted tooth
Eruption cyst - associated with crown of erupting tooth

61
Q

List the 3 NON- ODONTOGENIC cysts:

A

Nasopaltine duct cyst
Surgical ciliated cyst
Nasiolabial cysts

62
Q

List the 5 soft tissue cysts:

A

Salivary mucocoeles
Epidermoid cyst
Dermoid cyst
Lymphoepithelial cyst
Thyroglossal cysts

63
Q

List the 2 bone cysts:

A

Simple bone cyst
Aneurysmal bone cyst

64
Q

List the 4 main benign bone tumours:

A

Ameloblastoma
Adenomatoid tumour
Odontoma
Cementablastoma

65
Q

Ameloblastoma:

A

Benign slow growing jaw swelling

66
Q

Adenomatoid tumour:

A

Benign tumour associated with an Unerupted tooth

67
Q

Odontoma:

A

Benign malformation of dental tissues

68
Q

Cementoblastoma

A

Benign painful swelling associated with a vital tooth

69
Q

Chondrosarcoma

A

Malignant Cartilage tumour

70
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

Malignant bone tumour

71
Q

List 4 inflammatory bone pathologies:

A

Alveolar osteitis
Osteomyelitis
Osteoradionecrosis
MRONJ

72
Q

What causes soft tissue lesions?

A

Hyperplasia in response to trauma and inflammation

73
Q

Fibrous epulis:

A

Firm pink mass on gingivae

74
Q

Pyogenic granuloma:

A

Soft red/purple swelling on gingivae
- also known as pregnancy epulis if occurs in pregnancy

75
Q

Giant cell epulis

A

Soft purple swelling on gingivae

76
Q

Fibroepithelial polyps

A

Smooth mucosal polyps of pink colour

77
Q

Denture hyperplasia

A

Pale, fibrous, swollen mucosa

78
Q

Hyperplasia of the palate:

A

Numerous, small, tightly packed nodular lesions

79
Q

Neoplasm:

A

An abnormal mass of tissue that form when cells grow and divide more than they should.
Can be benign or malignant

80
Q

List tumour of fibrous tissue:

A

Fibrosarcoma (malignant)

81
Q

List tumours of adipose tissue:

A

Lipoma (benign)
Liposarcoma (malignant)

82
Q

List tumours of vascular tissue:

A

Haemangioma
Lymphagioma
Kaposi sarcoma
Angiosarcoma

83
Q

List tumours of peripheral nerves:

A

Neurofibroma
Neurilemmoma
Traumatic neuroma
Peripheral nerve sheath tumour

84
Q

List smooth muscle tumours:

A

Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma

85
Q

List skeletal muscle tumours:

A

Rhabdomyoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma

86
Q

List 3 types of salivary gland pathology:

A

Salivary mucocoeles
Sialadenitis
Salivary gland tumours

87
Q

Salivary mucocoeles

A

Salivary cyst like swelling

88
Q

Sialadenitis

A

Chronic bacterial infection of salivary glands

89
Q

List the 3 malignant salivary gland tumours:

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Actinic cell carcinoma

90
Q

List the 3 benign salivary gland tumours:

A

Pleomorphic adenoma
Warthin tumour
Canalicular adenoma

BDS - Module 9 (16 decks)

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