13. GENDER AND HEALTH Flashcards
1
Q
- Are sex and gender the same?
A
- NO
- sex and gender differ from one another
2
Q
- What is the definition of Sex?
A
- it refers to the biological differences between men and women
3
Q
- What is the definition of Gender?
A
- it refers to an identity
- this identity is constructed by men and women
- this identity is based on how they act, behave and think in a society
- gender describes the social, cultural and psychological differences between men and women
4
Q
- What structure dictates how men and women should act?
A
- societies
5
Q
- What distinction existed during earlier times?
A
- there was a clear distinction between men’s and women’s roles
- and their activities
6
Q
- What was the distinction between men’s and women’s roles in earlier societies caused by?
A
- it had to do with patriarchal societies
- it also had to do with the dominance of men
- these distinctions were linked to specific values that were propagated by societies
7
Q
- Which values did men’s roles traditionally have to do with?
A
- they had to do with:
- power
- independence
- ruling
- control
- large spaces
- family image
- representation of one’s home
8
Q
- Which values did women’s roles traditionally have to do with?
A
- they had to do with:
- vulnerability
- dependence
- obeying
- raising children
- small spaces
- family relations
9
Q
- What are men and women exposed to from an early age?
A
- they are socialised to be different
10
Q
- Name 7 traditional male activities.
A
- having hard and powerful jobs
- working in the fields
- going out
- they can be violent towards their children and their wives
- voting
- smoking
- drinking
11
Q
- Name 6 traditional female activities.
A
- housekeeping
- raising children
- moving outside used to be restricted or accompanied by a male
- obedience to their husbands
- lacking a reaction to violence against them
- could not vote in many European countries until the beginning of the 20th century
- women are stigmatised if they smoke and drink
12
Q
- How much has gender segregation changed?
A
- it has changed by a lot
- however, there are still activities which are socially considered as more male and more female
- they are still traditional values that are present in today’s society
13
Q
- Name 7 activities which are still affected (even segregated) by gender roles?
A
- types of jobs
- job remuneration
- managerial positions
- University subjects
- politics
- smoking
- drinking
NB: smoking and drinking can be affected by socioeconomic class
14
Q
- What was gender constructed by?
A
- society
- it was socially constructed
15
Q
- What can be said about the effect that gender has on the decision making process?
A
- women are less likely to participate in it than men
16
Q
- What can be said about the effect that gender has on parenting?
A
- women are more likely to be lone parents
(they are mothers who are unmarried/divorced/widowed)
17
Q
- What can be said about the influence gender has on employment and education?
A
- traditionally, men were more likely to be educated and employed
- nowadays, women are just as educated and as employed as men
18
Q
- What is the gender gap between men and women?
A
- there is a 17% gap between the paid employment of women and the paid employment of men
- men are still paid much better than women
19
Q
- What is the Feminisation of Poverty?
A
- women are more likely than men to be under the poverty line
- this is attributed to the fact that:
- women were less likely to be employed in the past
- they earn less than men even when they are
employed
- they are more likely than men to be part timers
20
Q
- What is a result of the low status of women’s work?
A
- the women’s work tends to be underestimated
21
Q
- What are three (multiple) demanding roles of women in society?
A
- mother
- employee
- housewife
22
Q
- Who lives longer, men or women?
A
- women live longer than men
- this is an innate biological advantage
23
Q
- What was the case in men vs women deaths in the 16th and the 17th centuries?
A
- there was a male advantage
- this was due to the women being more vulnerable to infectious diseases
- female mortality was also high at birth delivery
24
Q
- In which century did men and women have a similar life expectancy?
A
- in the 19th century
25
Q
- When did the expectancy advantage for women appear?
What caused this?
A
- in the second half of the 19th century
- this was because the infectious diseases were handled
- the medicine developed provided a safer environment for women to give birth
26
Q
- What was occurring with the mortality rate for both men and women at the beginning of the 20th century?
A
- both men and women were dying from infectious diseases
- the infections declined over time
27
Q
- What do men and women die from nowadays?
A
- heart diseases
- cancer
- respiratory diseases
28
Q
- Which diseases do men die from more than women?
A
- heart disease
(cardiovascular diseases)
(coronary heart disease in specific) - lung cancer
29
Q
- In which conditions do men die from more than women?
A
- men die more often in car accidents
- women are more likely to attempt suicide
BUT men are more likely to commit it
30
Q
- Which diseases are women more likely to die from?
A
- Alzheimer’s disease
31
Q
- What are the three types of gender and mental illnesses?
A
- Disorders of thought
- Disorders of emotion
- Disorders of behaviour
32
Q
- Which disorder is higher in younger men?
A
- schizophrenia
33
Q
- What is an example of disorders of thought?
A
- psychoses
34
Q
- In which gender do disorders of though occur more in?
A
- they are gender neutral
35
Q
- What are the three Disorders of Emotion?
A
- depression
- anxiety
- phobias
36
Q
- Which gender is more likely to develop a disorder of emotion?
A
- women
37
Q
- What are two examples of Disorders of Behaviour?
A
- behaviour and personality disorders
EG: alcohol and drug abuse
38
Q
- Which gender is more likely to have behavioural disorders?
A
- men
NB: this can be due to lifestyle and to education
