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Virology > 12: vaccines > Flashcards

12: vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Ways of defense agains viral diseases:

A
  • general
  • specific
  • eradication
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2
Q

General way of defense agains viral diseases:

A
  • surveillance and control
  • monitoring of virus activity
  • morbidity and mortality data
  • case and outbreak investigations
  • quarantines, restrictions, stamping out
  • Animal hygiene
  • feeding and keeping conditions
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3
Q

Specific way of defense agains viral diseases:

A
  • in the environment:
  • disinfectants
  • in the host organism:
  • antiviral drugs
  • interferons
  • immune sera
  • vaccines
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4
Q

Resistance of viruses to environmental conditions:

A
  • dehydration
  • enveloped viruses
  • high temperature
  • protein denaturation
  • 180C, 120C, 70C, 56C
  • radiation (UV, gamma)
  • damage of the nucleic acids
  • Ionic environment
  • optimal: pH 6.5-7.5
  • limits: pH2-12
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5
Q

What are the aim of disinfectants and inactivating agents?

A
  • virus inactivation in the environment

- vaccine production - preservation of antigenicity

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6
Q

Types of disinfectants:

A
  • acid and bases (0.1M H2SO4, 3% NaOH)
  • oxidants (H2O2, KMnO4)
  • halogenids (iodine, chlorine, hypochloric acid, bleach)
  • protein denaturants (ethanol)
  • detergents, lipid solvents (chloroform, sodium deoxycholate)
  • aldehydes (3% formaldehyde)
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7
Q

Types of inactivating agents:

A
  • 0.001 % formaldehyde

- nucleic acid denaturants (EI, BPL)

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8
Q

Effects of antiviral medicaments:

A
  • inhibition of virus replication
  • decreasing the virus shedding
  • localization of the infections
  • -> but he infection remains
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9
Q

Problems with antiviral medicaments:

A
  • close contact between virus and cell activity:
  • effective drugs are often toxic for the cells
  • -> specific agents are needed
  • high viral mutation ratio: resistance
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10
Q

Types of Nucleoside analogues:

A
  • First generation nucleoside analogues

- Second generation nucleoside analogues

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11
Q

First generation nuceoside analogues:

A
  • incorporates into the nucleic acid
  • more or less toxic - external use
  • Iodoxuridine (IDU), trifluorothimidine (TFT),
    Adenine-arabinoside (Ara.A)
    –> topic ointments against herpes simplex
  • Ribovarin
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12
Q

What are Ribavirin?

A
  • guanosine analogue
  • mRNA guanyltransferae inhibitor
  • against orthomyxo-, bunya-, arenaviruses
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13
Q

Second generation nucleoside analogues:

A
  • activated by virus specific enzymes

- more selective to viral polymerase than to cellular

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14
Q

What are Acyclovir?

A

Acycloguanosine, Zovirax

  • guanine derivate - acyclic “deoxyribose”
  • viral TK enzyme phosphorilates
  • selective to viral polymerase
  • exonuclease does not remove = chain termination!
  • effective against Herpes simplex virus-1, -2 nad Varicella-Zoster virus, but not against cytomegalo virus
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15
Q

What are Zidovudine?

A

Azidothymidine, AZT

  • reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor
  • ATZ-TP is competitive ti dTTP
  • RT has no repair activity = chain termination!
  • effective against retroviruses (HIV, HTLV)
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16
Q

Nonnucleoside RT inhibitors:

A
  • directly inactivates RT
  • Efacirenz, Delaviridine
  • active against HIV-1
  • used in combination therapies
17
Q

Protease inhibitors:

A
  • inhibits retroviral protease
  • fits into the active center of the enzyme
  • the cleavage of the precursor polyprotein is inhibited
  • Ritonavir, Indinavir
  • effective against HIV
18
Q

What are Favipiravir?

A

T 705, Avigan

  • RdRp inhibitor
  • lethal mutations
  • broad spectrum: effectiva agianst orthomyxo-, flavi-, alpha-, arena-, bunya-, entero-, filoviruses
19
Q

Other antiviral drugs:

A
  • Methisazone
  • Amantadine, Rimantadine
  • Neuraminidase inhibitors

= use of these in vetrinary practice is very rare! they are expensive, narrow spectrum, resistance occurs.

20
Q

What are Methisazone?

A
  • viral polymerase inhibitor
  • against pox-infections
  • poor solubility
21
Q

What are Amantadine, Rimantadine?

A
  • ion channel inhibitor
  • uncoating is defected
  • against influenza
22
Q

What are Neuraminidase inhibitors?

A
  • Oseltamivir (tamiflu)
  • Zanamivir (Relenza)
  • against influenza
23
Q

Interferons, interferon inducers:

A
  • high efficacy
  • not antigen specific
  • short effect
  • parenteral administration
  • expensive (species-specific)
  • progressive hypo-responsiveness
  • -> presently rarely used in veterinary practice
24
Q

Immune sera and purified immunoglobulins:

A
  • passive immunisation
  • short term protection
  • danger of serum-sickness or anaphylaxis
  • large animas: enormous doses
  • high costs (hyperimmunization)
  • mainly in pet-practice: Canine distemper virus, canine parvovirus, canine adenovirus 1, feline panleukopenia, feline rhinotracheitis
  • Goose parvovirus (Derzsy+s disease) - goslings.

Virology (25 decks)

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